Kirchhoffs laws

Kirchhoff's laws [for Gustav R. Kirchhoff ], pair of laws stating general restrictions on the current and voltage in an electric circuit . The first of these states that at any given instant the sum of the voltages around any closed path, or loop, in the network is zero. The second states that at any junction of paths, or node, in a network the sum of the currents arriving at any instant is equal to the sum of the currents flowing away.

Kirchhoff's laws Three laws concerning spectra, stated in 1859 by the German physicist G. R.Kirchhoff:

1. A solid, liquid, or gas under high pressure, when heated to incandescence, produces a continuous spectrum.

2. A gas under low pressure, but at a sufficiently high temperature, produces a spectrum of bright emission lines.

3. A gas at low pressure (and low temperature), lying between a hot continuum source and the observer, produces an absorption line spectrum, i.e. a number of dark lines superimposed on a continuous spectrum.