Kalmykia

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Kalmykia or Republic of Kalmykia-Khalmg-Tangeh, constituent republic (1990 est. pop. 329,000), c.29,400 sq mi (76,150 sq km), SE European Russia, on the Caspian Sea. Elista is the capital.

Land and People

Lying mostly in the vast depression of the N Caspian lowland, Kalmykia is largely a steppe and desert area. There are salt lakes but no permanent waterways. Stock raising (horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and some pigs and camels) is by far the leading economic activity, and fishing is important. Irrigation has made limited agriculture possible; winter wheat, corn, and fodder crops are grown. Industry revolves primarily around the processing of agricultural products, fish, and minerals. The population is primarily Kalmyk (45%) and Russian (37%). Buddhism and Orthodox Christianity are the main official religions. The republic has a 130-member parliament.

History

A seminomadic branch of the Oirat Mongols, the Kalmyks migrated from Chinese Turkistan to the steppe W of the Volga's mouth in the mid-17th cent. They became allies of the Russians and were charged by Peter I with guarding the eastern frontier of the Russian Empire. Under Catherine II, however, the Kalmyks became vassals. In 1771 about 300,000 Kalmyks E of the Volga set out to return to China but were decimated en route by Russian, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz attacks. The Kalmyks west of the Volga remained in Russia, where they retained their Lamaist Buddhist religion and their seminomadic life. The word Kalmyk in Turkish means "remnant," referring to those who stayed behind.

The Kalmyk Autonomous Region was established in 1920; it became an autonomous republic in 1936. During World War II, Kalmyk units fought the Russians in collaboration with the Germans. As a result, the people of Kalmykia (some 170,000 individuals) were deported to Siberia in 1943, and their republic was dissolved. In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev denounced the deportation as a Stalinist crime, and the following year about 6,000 Kalmyks were returned. The Kalmyk Autonomous SSR was officially reestablished in 1958. The republic was a signatory, under the name Republic of Kalmykia-Khalmg-Tangeh, to the Mar. 31, 1992, treaty that created the Russian Federation (see Russia ). The Kalmyks sought independence in the early 1990s but agreed to abandon separatist aims in 1994.

Kalmykia (Kalmykiya), Russia A republic named after the Kalmyk (or Kalmuck), the Turkish name for a Mongoloid people, the Oyrat, who had stayed on the Russian steppe when the Golden Horde dissolved in the 15th century. Their name comes from kalmak ‘to remain’, a reference to their putting down roots on the steppe and also perhaps because they remained pagans even though they had been exposed to Islam. The republic was created in 1936 and abolished in 1944 when Stalin^† deported the Kalmyks to Central Asia for their supposed collaboration with the Germans. They were allowed to return in 1957 and their republic was restored.

Kalmykia Republic of the Russian Federation on the Caspian Sea, se European Russia; the capital is Elista. The region was made an autonomous republic in 1936. In World War II its inhabitants were deported to Soviet Central Asia for alleged collaboration with the Germans. They returned in 1957. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it became a republic within the Russian Federation, acquiring its present name in 1992. Industries: fishing, animal farming. Area: c.75,900sq km (29,300sq mi). Pop. (2000) 315,700.