Josiah Warren

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Stubbs, George (b Liverpool, 25 Aug. 1724; d London, 10 July 1806). English animal painter and engraver, celebrated as the greatest of all horse painters. He was the son of a leatherworker, and he followed his father's trade until he was about 16. As an artist he was virtually self-taught, although he worked briefly with Hamlet Winstanley (1694–1756), a portrait painter and engraver. His life up to his mid-thirties (which is poorly documented) was spent mainly in the north of England. Early in his career he seems to have earned his living mainly as a portraitist, and he also made the illustrations (based on his own dissections) for Dr John Burton's treatise on midwifery (1751); Stubbs had studied anatomy at the County Hospital in York, where Burton was a doctor. In 1754 he visited Rome, then spent eighteen months working in isolation in Lincolnshire, dissecting and drawing horses in preparation for a book on equine anatomy. He moved to London in about 1758 and, unable to find an engraver to do the work, he made the plates himself, and in 1766 published his famous book The Anatomy of the Horse. It was a great success, prized for its beauty as well as its scientific accuracy, and Stubbs was soon in demand as a painter, not only for his ‘portraits’ of horses with their owners or grooms, but also for conversation pieces in which the sitters were grouped in and around a carriage.

His command of anatomy was matched by his ability to depict the beauty and grace of his equine subjects without sentimentalizing them and his range of feeling was wide, extending from the lyrical calm of Mares and Foals in a River Landscape (c.1763–8, Tate, London) to the full-blooded Romanticism of his series of pictures on the theme of a horse attacked by a lion (the largest—c.1762—is in the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven). He is said to have derived his fascination for the subject from having witnessed a lion attacking a horse in Morocco on his way back from Italy, but he may also have been familiar with a much copied antique statue on the theme.

Stubbs painted many other animals apart from horses—among them numerous dogs and several exotic beasts that were exhibited in England (including a moose, a rhinoceros, and a zebra). At his death he was working on A Comparative Anatomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body with that of a Tiger and a Common Fowl, the drawings for which are in the Yale Center for British Art. His scientific curiosity extended to the materials he used and he experimented with painting in enamel, first on copper and then on larger earthenware panels specially manufactured for him by Josiah Wedgwood. Such projects took up much time but did not make him money and in his final years he was in financial difficulties. He kept his great powers until the end, however, and one of his finest works, painted when he was 75, is the enormous Hambletonian, Rubbing Down (1799, Mount Stewart House, County Down, NT), showing the champion horse looking strained and exhausted after winning a race in which it was ‘much cut with the whip’ and ‘shockingly goaded’ with the spur. It is a magnificent, heroic, almost tragic image. Stubbs was for long classified merely as a superior sporting painter, but his reputation now stands very high; indeed he is placed alongside Gainsborough and Reynolds in the front rank of English painters of his age.

His son George Townly Stubbs (?1756–1815) was a printmaker, mainly in mezzotint and stipple. Most of his work consisted of reproductions of his father's paintings.

Stubbs, George (1724–1806). English animal painter and engraver, celebrated as the greatest of all horse painters. He was born in Liverpool, the son of a leatherworker, and his life up to his mid-thirties (which is poorly documented) was spent mainly in the north of England. Although he worked briefly with the painter Hamlet Winstanley (1694–1756), he was virtually self-taught as an artist. Early in his career he seems to have earned his living mainly as a portraitist, and he also made the illustrations (based on his own dissections) for Dr John Burton's treatise on midwifery (1751); Stubbs had studied anatomy at the County Hospital in York, where Burton was a doctor. In 1754 he visited Rome, then spent eighteen months working in isolation in Lincolnshire, dissecting and drawing horses in preparation for a book on equine anatomy. He moved to London in about 1758 and, unable to find an engraver to do the work, he made the plates himself, and in 1766 published his famous book The Anatomy of the Horse. It was a great success, prized for its beauty as well as its scientific accuracy and Stubbs was soon in demand as a painter, not only for his ‘portraits’ of horses with their owners or grooms, but also for his conversation pieces in which the sitters were grouped in and around a carriage. His command of anatomy was matched by his ability to depict the beauty and grace of his equine subjects without sentimentalizing them and his range of feeling was wide, extending from the lyrical calm of Mares and Foals in a River Landscape (c.1763–8, Tate, London) to the full-blooded Romanticism of his series of pictures on the theme of a horse attacked by a lion (the largest—c.1762—is in the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven). He is said to have derived his fascination for the subject from having witnessed a lion attacking a horse in Morocco on his way back from Italy, but he may also have been familiar with a much copied antique statue on the theme.

Stubbs painted many other animals apart from horses—among them a moose, a rhinoceros, a zebra, and numerous dogs. At his death he was working on A Comparative Anatomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body with that of a Tiger and a Common Fowl, the drawings for which are in the Yale Center for British Art. His scientific curiosity extended to the materials he used and he experimented with painting in enamel on earthenware panels manufactured for him by the great potter Josiah Wedgwood. Such projects took up much time but did not make him money and in his final years he was in financial difficulties. He kept his great powers until the end, however, and one of his finest works, painted when he was 75, is the enormous Hambletonian, Rubbing Down (1799, Mount Stewart House, County Down, NT), showing the champion horse looking strained and exhausted after winning a race in which it was ‘much cut with the whip’ and ‘shockingly goaded’ with the spur. It is a magnificent, heroic, almost tragic image. Stubbs was for long classified as merely a superior sporting painter, but his reputation now stands very high; indeed he is placed alongside Gainsborough and Reynolds in the front rank of English painters of his age.

Stubbs, George (1724–1806). English anatomist and animal painter, especially of horses, Stubbs's work captures the English gentleman's enjoyment of rural life, at its peak in the prosperity of the mid-18th cent. Stubbs's paintings of racehorses, often with owner or groom, were particularly popular both in original form and as prints. Another recurring theme, of a lion attacking a horse, recalled an event Stubbs saw on a visit to north Africa. His anatomical skills ensured that the power and beauty of animals was captured without sentimentality. In 1766 Stubbs published Anatomy of the Horse, the result of ten years of dissection and drawing. At his death he was working on an anatomical study (now at Yale) comparing various species. Working with Josiah Wedgwood, he produced enamel paintings on earthenware including one of Warren Hastings, in the Memorial Hall in Calcutta. There are examples of Stubbs's work in the Royal Collection and principal galleries throughout Britain.

June Cochrane

Josiah Warren 1798-1874, American reformer and anarchist, b. Boston. An early follower of Robert Owen , he soon rejected Owen's political socialism, advocating instead anarchy based on "the sovereignty of the individual." He founded several "equity" stores, based on the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor and on the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He also established three utopian colonies; the most successful (1851-c.1860) was Modern Times (now Brentwood), Long Island, N.Y. The most important of his publications was True Civilization (1863, 5th ed. 1875).

Bibliography: See study by W. Bailie (1906, repr. 1971).

Stubbs, George (1724–1806) English painter and engraver. Stubbs is best-known for the book The Anatomy of the Horse (1766), illustrated with his own engravings. Horses attacked by a lion (1770) reveals a more Romantic approach.

http://www.tate.org.uk; http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk