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John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder
John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder , 1743–1823, Moravian missionary in the United States, b. Bedford, England. Settling (1754) in Bethlehem, Pa., with his parents, he later was indentured to a cedar cooper, while acting occasionally as a messenger to the Native Americans on the Susquehanna. By 1771 he was an accredited missionary and assistant to David Zeisberger . After years with the natives of Pennsylvania who had been removed to Ohio, he retired to Bethlehem, Pa. (1786), but he aided the U.S. government on several occasions with Native American treaties. In 1801 he managed the tribal lands at Gnadenhutten, and he supervised the removal of the indigenous people to Canada. He spent his last years writing numerous accounts of Native American life, notably his Account of the History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations, Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania (1819).
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"John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Heckewel.html "John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Heckewel.html |
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Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus
Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus (1743–1823), was brought from England to America at the age of 11. He became a Moravian missionary to the Indians on the Susquehanna and aided in their removal to Ohio and Canada. His wide knowledge of the Indians is recorded in his Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania (1819) and A Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren Among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians (1820). Cooper drew strongly on these works, and was criticized for following the missionary's partiality for the Delaware, hatred of the Iroquois, and generally romantic interpretation.
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James D. Hart and and Phillip W. Leininger. "Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 1995. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. James D. Hart and and Phillip W. Leininger. "Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 1995. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O123-HeckewelderJohnGttlbrnsts.html James D. Hart and and Phillip W. Leininger. "Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus." The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 1995. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O123-HeckewelderJohnGttlbrnsts.html |
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