John Adair

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Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), argued 29–30 Oct. 1907, decided 27 Jan. 1908 by vote of 7 to 2; Harlan for the Court, McKenna and Holmes in dissent. The Erdman Act of 1898 was enacted to prevent disruption of interstate commerce by labor disputes. It protected union members by prohibiting yellow dog contracts and the discharge or blacklisting of employees for union activity. An employer who discharged an employee for union membership challenged the constitutionality of the statute. Writing for the majority, Justice John Marshall Harlan posited equal bargaining power between employer and employee. He held the law to be an unreasonable invasion of personal liberty and property rights guaranteed by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. Relying on Fourteenth Amendment precedents, Harlan grafted the substantive conception of due process and freedom of contract onto the Fifth Amendment. He also found the act to be outside the scope of congressional commerce power. Ignoring the statute's legislative history, he asserted there was “no legal or logical connection” between union membership and interstate commerce (p. 178).

Justice Joseph McKenna, in dissent, called for judicial realism, whereas Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes echoed the position of restraint he had espoused in Lochner v. New York (1905): the legislature was the proper arbiter of public policy and could reasonably limit freedom of contract.

Conservatives extolled Adair for condemning “class legislation,” while Roscoe Pound thought it epitomized “mechanical jurisprudence,” the use of “technicalities and conceptualizations” to defeat the ends of justice. The precedent supported invalidation of state laws providing similar protections for unions (Coppage v. Kansas, 1915) until the New Deal era revolutionized labor/management relations.

See also Contract, Freedom of; Due Process, Substantive; Fifth Amendment.

Barbara C. Steidle

John Adair , 1757–1840, American pioneer in Kentucky, b. North Carolina. He went into the Kentucky country in 1786 and became famous as an Indian fighter and as a political leader. In the War of 1812 he was a commander of Kentucky volunteers in the battle of New Orleans . As governor of Kentucky (1820–24) he adopted a vigorous program of internal improvement to fight hard times. He was (1831–33) a member of the House of Representatives.