Middle Eastern History

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions Further reading

Jizya

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa | 2004 | | Copyright

JIZYA

A poll tax.

Several poll taxes were levied throughout the Middle East from the time of the Muslim conquests (seventh century). Caliph Umar II (717–720 c.e.) established the principle that they should be levied only on non-Muslims. Islam exempted women, children, and the disabled or unemployed from the tax.

In 1855, the Ottoman Empire abolished the tax, as part of reforms to equalize the status of Muslims and non-Muslims. It was replaced, however, by a military-exemption tax on non-Muslims, the Bedel-i Askeri.

Bibliography

Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies, 2d edition. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3d edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

elizabeth thompson

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Thompson, Elizabeth. "Jizya." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Thompson, Elizabeth. "Jizya." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424601439.html

Thompson, Elizabeth. "Jizya." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424601439.html

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Jizya

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | 1997 | | Copyright

Jizya (Arab., jazā, ‘reward, requite’). The poll tax levied on non-Muslims in Muslim countries, based on e.g. Qurʾān 9. 29. In return for jizya, the Muslim state has an obligation to protect those who pay it.

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JOHN BOWKER. "Jizya." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN BOWKER. "Jizya." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Jizya.html

JOHN BOWKER. "Jizya." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Jizya.html

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