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Goliard

The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre | 1996 | | Copyright

Goliard, name given to the wandering scholars and clerks of the early Middle Ages who, impatient of discipline, joined with the itinerant entertainers of the time and were often confused with them, as in an order of 1281 that ‘no clerks shall be jongleurs, goliards or buffoons’. They imparted a flavour of classical learning to the often crude performances of their less erudite fellows, and even when, as happened in the 14th century, the word was used for ‘minstrel’ without any clerical association, the goliard is still shown rhyming in Latin, as in Langland's late 14th-century poem Piers Plowman.

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PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Goliard." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Goliard." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-Goliard.html

PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Goliard." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-Goliard.html

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Goliard

The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature | 2003 | | Copyright

Goliard, Goliardic, see Golias.

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MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Goliard." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Goliard." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-Goliard.html

MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Goliard." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-Goliard.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	A Goliard Cadging Song.(Poem) Magazine article from: Commonweal; 6/4/2010
	The Social Background to Secular Medieval Latin Song.(Review) Magazine article from: Notes; 6/1/2000
	ALBEMARLE.(LOCAL) Newspaper article from: The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA); 10/30/1998