George Ripley

George Ripley (1802-1880), American clergyman and journalist, was a leader of the transcendentalist movement and a founder of the famous utopian community Brook Farm. He later became an able literary critic for the "New York Tribune."

George Ripley was born of Puritan ancestry on Oct. 3, 1802, in Greenfield, Mass., the son of a prosperous merchant. New England Congregationalism was bitterly divided in the years of his youth, and the Ripley family joined the Unitarian side. George attended Harvard College, where liberal religious views prevailed, and graduated at the head of his class in 1823. For 3 years he taught mathematics at Harvard and studied at the divinity school. In 1826 he was ordained minister of a new Unitarian church in Boston. In 1827 he married Sophia Willard Dana.

Ripley's years at Harvard had been years of what would now be called student unrest. Students found the instruction dry and unrelated to new romantic currents in European scholarship. They wanted more attention to the needs of mankind and less to inherited theological dogmas. By the mid-1830s Ripley was a recognized leader of the younger dissident ministers, some of whom were called transcendentalists. He wrote a series of brilliant attacks on conservatism in the Christian Register. He helped edit the Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature (1838), a 14-volume work translating into English many important Continental authors. The transcendentalists moved steadily from religious to literary interests, and in 1840 Ripley began to help edit their magazine, the Dial. In 1841 he resigned from the ministry.

In April 1841 Ripley became president of the Brook Farm Association; he and his wife were devoted to establishing a utopian community. The community, outside Boston, sought to combine hard work with intellectual growth. In 1845 the community began issuing a journal, the Harbinger, edited by Ripley. But a bad fire in 1846 debilitated the struggling community, and in August 1847 it disbanded, with Ripley assuming the debts.

Ripley moved to New York City, where he continued publishing the Harbinger for 2 years. In 1849 he became literary critic for the New York Tribune, establishing himself as one of the most influential arbiters of American taste. He helped found and edited Harper's New Monthly Magazine (1850) and the New American Cyclopaedia (1858-1863). His wife died in 1861, and 4 years later he married Louisa Schlossberger. Ripley died on July 4, 1880, while writing an editorial for Harper's.

Further Reading

A good scholarly biography is Charles R. Crowe, George Ripley: Transcendentalist and Utopian Socialist (1967). Octavius B. Frothingham, George Ripley (1882), is an affectionate memoir, less detailed and accurate but containing many letters by Ripley. A brilliant introduction to transcendentalist writings is Perry Miller, ed., The Transcendentalists (1950), which describes Ripley's role in the movement. William R. Hutchison, The Transcendentalist Ministers: Church Reform in the New England Renaissance (1959), is useful on the controversies within Unitarianism. A good approach to Brook Farm is through the documents in Henry W. Sams, ed., Autobiography of Brook Farm (1958).

Additional Sources

Golemba, Henry L., George Ripley, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977. □

Ripley, George (1802–80), Massachusetts religious thinker, writer, and reformer, graduated from Harvard (1823) and its Divinity School (1826), after which he began his 15‐year ministry of a Boston Unitarian church. He exhibited his literary and philosophical interest in the German transcendental thinkers in his editorship of the Christian Register, a Unitarian paper which he made so liberal that he was attacked by Andrews Norton for a “leaning toward infidelity.” He made a more direct contribution to American knowledge of idealistic philosophy in Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature (14 vols., 1838–42), edited with F.H. Hedge, which included contributions from Margaret Fuller, W.H. Channing, J.S. Dwight, and J.F. Clarke. This work had a considerable effect on the Transcendentalists, since it contained the documents on which their philosophy was partly based. Ripley's Discourses on the Philosophy of Religion (1836) precipitated another attack by Norton, which he answered in Letters on the Latest Form of Infidelity (1840). In 1841 he retired from the ministry. He put his Transcendentalist theories into practice by helping to found The Dial and to organize Brook Farm. As president of this community, he guided it through the period of Fourierism, and he helped to found the North American Phalanx on Fourierist principles. At Brook Farm he edited The Harbinger (1845–49), and after the colony's failure he continued it in New York with Parke Godwin. Ripley created the first daily book reviews in the U.S. for the New York Tribune (1849–80). During these years he also continued his interest in reform, edited such works as A Handbook of Literature on the Fine Arts (1852) with Bayard Taylor and New American Cyclopaedia (16 vols., 1858–63) with C.A. Dana, and made trips to Europe (1866, 1869–70), where he met with many authors and philosophers whose views he had championed.

George Ripley 1802–80, American literary critic and author, b. Greenfield, Mass. After graduating from Harvard Divinity School in 1826, he entered the Unitarian ministry. He was one of the leaders of the transcendentalists and a contributor to their magazine, the Dial. In 1841 his interest in social reform led him to resign from the ministry and help found Brook Farm , where he remained as president until 1847. His edition, with F. H. Hedge, of Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature, in translation (14 vol., 1838–42), increased American knowledge of European literature. In his later life he became an influential literary critic on the New York Tribune, conducting the first regular book review department in a U.S. newspaper.

Bibliography: See biography by O. B. Frothingham (1882, repr. 1970); study by C. R. Crowe (1967).

Ripley, George (1802–80) US social reformer. In 1841 he established an experimental community, Brook Farm, in Massachusetts. It was based on a farming and handicraft economy, with communal ownership of property. After it failed (1847), he continued his advocacy of social reform as a writer and editor in The Harbinger and other publications.