Frederick Law Olmsted

Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903), American landscape architect, was prominent in promoting and planning recreational parks across the country.

Frederick Law Olmsted was born at Hartford, Conn., on April 26, 1822. He did not matriculate at college because of weak eyes, but he attended lectures at Yale University intermittently and became an honorary member of the class of 1847. He also studied engineering. In 1844 Olmsted decided to become a farmer and, after getting practical experience, settled on Staten Island, where he operated a farm until 1854. In 1859 he married Mary Cleveland Perkins Olmsted, the widow of his brother; the couple had two children.

In 1851 Olmsted visited Andrew Jackson Downing, who with others had conceived the idea of creating a vast park in New York City. Before realizing his dream, Downing died. Olmsted kept the idea alive and in 1857 was appointed superintendent of what became Central Park. He and Calvert Vaux then won the design competition for the park, and in 1858 Olmsted was advanced to chief architect of Central Park. During the Civil War he resigned his appointment over political differences and in 1863 accepted the superintendency of the Frémont Mariposa mining estates in California.

When Olmsted returned to New York in 1865, he and Vaux were reappointed landscape architects for Central Park. The Olmsted firm became the foremost landscape architects in America. Their projects included Prospect Park, Brooklyn (1865); the village of Riverside near Chicago (1868); Mount Royal Park, Montreal (1873-1881); the grounds of the Capitol, Washington, D.C. (1874-1885); the Boston park system (1875-1895); Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (1886-1889); and Jackson Park, Chicago (1895). Olmsted's most important late work was the design for the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1890-1893).

Restless by nature, Olmsted traveled frequently and often published his diaries and talks. He wrote Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England (1852), A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), A Journey through Texas (1857), and A Journey in the Back Country (1860).

Always interested in publishing, he and C. S. Sargent founded the journal Garden and Forest. Olmsted further encouraged park planning by publishing Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns (1871) and A Consideration of the Justifying Value of a Public Park (1881). He died on Aug. 28, 1903, having witnessed the enthusiastic development in American cities of public park systems.

Further Reading

There is no definitive study of Olmsted's work. Important as source material is Frederick Law Olmsted: Landscape Architect, edited by F. L. Olmsted, Jr., and Theodora Kimball (2 vols., 1922-1928), which contains many of his papers and emphasizes Central Park. Julius G. Fabos and others, comps., Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.: Founder of Landscape Architecture in America (1968), is a brief, well-illustrated survey of Olmsted's career; it contains illustrations of his projects, an appendix listing his major works, and a chronology of his life. See also Broadus Mitchell, Frederick Law Olmsted: A Critic of the Old South (1924). □

Olmsted, Frederick Law (1822–1903), landscape architect.Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Olmsted farmed from 1847 to 1852 and then toured the South for the New York Times. Three books of description and analysis resulted: A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), A Journey through Texas (1857), and A Journey through the Backcountry (1860). Stressing slavery's adverse social effects, these works helped shape the ideology of the early Republican party. As editor of Putnam's Monthly Magazine (1855–1857), he opposed slavery and promoted American authors. In 1858, Olmsted and the architect Calvert Vaux won the design competition for New York City's Central Park, and Olmsted directed its construction. In 1861–1863, during the Civil War, he headed the U.S. Sanitary Commission, organizing camp inspections and relief distribution for the Union Army.

After the war, Olmsted with various partners carried out five hundred landscape design commissions. With Vaux he designed Brooklyn's Prospect Park, Washington and Jackson parks in Chicago, and a park system for Buffalo, New York. He subsequently designed Mount Royal Park in Montreal, Canada, and comprehensive park systems for Boston, Rochester, New York, and Louisville, Kentucky. Olmsted planned his urban parks so that they would have a restorative psychological effect, serving as an antidote to the artificiality of city life. His parks also promoted community by giving city dwellers a common meeting‐ground.

Beginning with Riverside, Illinois, in 1868, Olmsted planned suburban communities where extensive public open space preserved areas of natural scenery, while curvilinear streets and sidewalks provided special amenity. He and Vaux also developed the concept of the “parkway,” a wide, well‐paved and tree‐lined boulevard for non‐commercial traffic—the forerunner of the landscaped automobile parkway. A leader in scenic preservation, particularly at Yosemite valley and Niagara Falls, Olmsted also planned the site of Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition; the grounds and West Front terrace of the U.S. Capitol; the Stanford University campus; and Biltmore, the Vanderbilt estate in North Carolina.
See also Landscape Design; Leisure; Parks, Urban; Urbanization; World's Fairs and Expositions; Yosemite National Park.

Bibliography

Laura Wood Roper , FLO: A Biography, 1973.
Charles E. Beveridge and and Paul Rocheleau , Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American Landscape, 1995.

Charles E. Beveridge