Francis Hutcheson

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Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746), professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow from 1729 until his death. Before this he had published aesthetic, moral, and political essays in the Dublin and London press, and two books, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725) and An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections with Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728), both subsequently revised. His posthumous System of Moral Philosophy was published in 1755.

A protégé of Molesworth, Hutcheson introduced the civic humanist tradition into higher education: he trained a whole generation of students, among them Adam Smith, in the Whig philosophy of personal liberty and government restraint, and his progressive views were influential among Scots émigrés to America. In ethics he developed the ideas of Shaftesbury on the moral sense into a fully-fledged system. He saw a close relation between aesthetic and moral perception, by which we come to be aware of providentially designed order. Virtue is identical with benevolence in so far as it gives disinterested pleasure, that action being best which aims at the greatest happiness of the greatest number. This view anticipates Utilitarianism.

Francis Hutcheson , 1694-1746, British philosopher, b. Co. Down, Ireland. He was a professor at the Univ. of Glasgow from 1729 until his death. His reputation rests on four essays published anonymously while he was living in Dublin, prior to his college teaching. Two of them were included in An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725) and two in An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728). Although one of the first to write on the subject of aesthetics, he was primarily known in the field of ethics. According to Hutcheson, man has many senses, the most important of which is the moral sense. This "benevolent theory of morals," in which man has a desire to do good, was a development of Shaftesbury's natural affection to benevolent action and was in opposition to Hobbes's theories. The criterion of moral action was the "greatest happiness for the greatest numbers," an anticipation of the utilitarian philosophers in word as well as spirit.

Bibliography: See his System of Moral Philosophy (with memoir by Rev. W. Leechman, 1755). See studies by W. L. Taylor (1965), P. Kivy (1976), and V. Hope (1989).

Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746), Presbyterian moral philosopher. The son and grandson of Irish Presbyterian ministers, he studied for the ministry in Glasgow but chose to run a dissenting academy in Dublin for ten years, during which he published his Inquiry into Beauty and Virtue (1725) and Essays on the Passions with Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728). Appointed to the chair of moral philosophy in Glasgow in 1730, his teaching earned him the title of Father of the Scottish Enlightenment. His views of God and man were more optimistic than those of the Westminster Confession (see subscription controversies) and he maintained contacts with the Irish non‐subscribers. Moral philosophy included political and economic questions as well as ethical theory, and Hutcheson's teachings that the end of government was ‘the greatest good of the greatest number’, and that victims of unjust regimes had the right to rebel, contributed to the ideology of revolution in Ireland and colonial America.

R. F. G. Holmes

Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746). Scots-Irish philosopher. Educated for the kirk at Glasgow University, he returned to Ireland, taught at a dissenting academy in Dublin, and became the most prominent member of Viscount Molesworth's radical Whig circle. He made his reputation by publishing three metaphysical treatises between 1725 and 1728 attacking Mandeville's sceptical The Fable of the Bees, and attempting to prove that the roots of human sociability lay in a moral sense which would make men and women sociable and virtuous. Professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow from 1729 to 1746, he revolutionized the university's moral philosophy curriculum and attempted to justify toleration and a radical interpretation of the British constitution in terms of the principles of human nature. Distrusted by orthodox presbyterians, he was regarded by Hume and Adam Smith as an inspirational if misguided student of human nature. His political thought was much admired in colonial America.

Nicholas Phillipson

Hutcheson, Francis (b Drumalig, Co. Down, 1694; d Dublin, 1746). British philosopher, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University from 1730 until his death. His major work is An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725). In this he argues that aesthetic (and moral) judgement is founded on a special kind of perception. Just as our sense of sight enables us to see colours directly, so we possess an analogous ‘inner’ sense enabling us to perceive aesthetic or ethical values. To stimulate this inner sense aesthetically, an object must possess the right kind of ratio between ‘uniformity and variety’. Beauty, although a property of the object, also depends for its existence on our subjective engagement. This attempt to harmonize objective and subjective elements of aesthetic experience set a pattern for later British thought in the field.