Ernest Joseph King

Ernest Joseph King (1878-1956), American naval officer, was a brilliant strategist and organizer. He served as both commander in chief of the U.S. Fleet and chief of Naval Operations during World War II.

Ernest King was born on Nov. 23, 1878, in Lorain, Ohio. He developed an early interest in a naval career and entered the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1897. He graduated in 1901, standing fourth in a class of 67.

During the next several years King was assigned to a variety of posts, including an instructorship at the Naval Academy. By 1911 his excellent record led to appointment as flag secretary to the commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet. In 1914 he received his first command.

During World War I King served as chief of staff to the commander in chief, Atlantic Fleet, and was promoted to captain. Following the war he saw some service with submarines but concentrated on the growing area of naval aviation, graduating from flight training at the age of 48. After a tour as captain of the aircraft carrier Lexington, he was promoted to rear admiral and appointed chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics. In 1938 he became vice admiral and was assigned as commander, Aircraft, Battle Force, a position that put him in charge of all American aircraft carriers.

In June 1939 King was assigned to the General Board of the Navy, a traditional final post for senior flag officers. However, with the outbreak of World War II, he was reassigned. In January 1941 he was promoted to admiral and appointed commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet. In this post he made major contributions to the Allied effort in the development of antisubmarine tactics in the Atlantic and also did top-level staff work with representatives of the U.S. Army and the British military services.

Following Pearl Harbor, King assumed the positions of commander in chief of the U.S. Fleet and chief of Naval Operations. Realizing that global war required major changes in the Navy's command structure, he devoted much of his energy to organizational matters. He solved some of the problems raised by the transition from battleship to carrier operations by elevating the status of aviation officers and, in 1943, by creating the post of deputy chief of Naval Operations (Air). He also stressed the acquisition of escort vessels for Atlantic convoys.

As a member of both the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff, King played a major role in developing Allied strategy. Although accepting the decision to defeat Germany first, he pressed for allocation of more resources to the Pacific theater. His determination to gain the maximum possible control over Pacific operations for the Navy produced numerous conflicts with Army leaders. He overcame the Army's opposition to Adm. Chester Nimitz's plan for a dual approach to Japan but was unsuccessful in substituting an attack on Formosa for Gen. Douglas MacArthur's campaign to retake the Philippines. King also championed the Navy's view that a naval blockade and air attacks could force Japan to surrender without an invasion of the home islands.

The importance of King's overall contribution should not be underestimated. Starting with the devastated fleet and shattered morale following Pearl Harbor, he directed the expansion of the U.S. Navy into the mightiest fleet in world history. He twice testified before the Senate Military Affairs Committee against unification of the Armed Forces. He retired in December 1945, having been promoted to the five-star rank of fleet admiral. He died on June 25, 1956, in Portsmouth, N.H.

Further Reading

Adm. King's wartime reports to the secretary of the Navy were published by the Navy under the title U.S. Navy at War, 1941-1945 (1946). The only full-length study of King's career is Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King (1952). The best concise history of American naval operations in World War II is probably Samuel Eliot Morison, The Twoocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (1963). The debates surrounding many of the major strategic decisions of World War II are set forth in Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., Command Decisions (1960).

Additional Sources

Buell, Thomas B., Master of sea power: a biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995. □

King, Ernest J. (1877–1956), World War II strategist and commander.Born in Lorain, Ohio, King entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1897, served on the cruiser San Francisco off Cuba during the Spanish‐American War, and graduated in 1901. Before World War I, he served as an aide to Rear Admiral Hugo Osterhaus. While on the staff of Henry T. Mayo during the war, King became suspicious of British political motives and developed a low opinion of the Royal Navy that would last a lifetime. After World War I, King became both a submariner and an aviator. His experience in surface, submarine, and aviation forces gave him a unique understanding of their capabilities, something he drew upon as World War II commander‐in‐chief of the U.S. fleet and Chief of Naval Operations.

During World War II, King devoted his attention to the work of the Joint Chiefs of Staff while still directing the greatest naval buildup in U.S. history, overseeing conduct of the Battle of the Atlantic, and formulating U.S. strategy for the war against Japan. A shrewd judge of character, King appointed capable assistants and delegated power to them, retaining for himself broad oversight of policy, strategy, and personnel. He accepted the “Europe first” strategy but fought for resources for the Pacific. Inflexible and difficult to get along with, King was nevertheless supportive and considerate of men he respected, and thoroughly dedicated to the interests of the navy and the United States. He retired as a five‐star fleet admiral in December 1945.
See also Military, The; Military Service Academies; Submarines.

Bibliography

Ernest J. King , Fleet Admiral King, 1952.
Thomas Buell , Master of Sea Power, 1980.

James C. Bradford

Ernest Joseph King 1878–1956, American admiral, commander in chief of the U.S. fleet (1941–45), b. Lorain, Ohio. A graduate of Annapolis, he distinguished himself in many branches of naval service, including the submarine and air arms. In World War I he was assistant chief of staff to Admiral Henry T. Mayo, commander of the Atlantic Fleet. King himself commanded (Feb.–Dec., 1941) the Atlantic Fleet and then became commander of the U.S. naval forces. King also became (Mar., 1942) chief of naval operations and directed the naval strategy that took the U.S. fleet into Japanese waters. He was made (1944) fleet admiral (five-star admiral) and retired from the navy a year later.

Bibliography: See his autobiographical Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record (with W. M. Whitehill, 1952).

King, Ernest J. (1878–1956) U.S. Navy admiral, born in Lorain, Ohio. King was commander in chief of the U.S. Fleet (1941–45) and chief of naval operations (1942–45). In these two capacities, King had authority over all aspects of the navy and its operations during World War II. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he worked with the British chiefs of staff on the Anglo-American Combined Chiefs of Staff to plan the global strategy of the war. Before U.S. entry into the war with the attack on Pearl Harbor (1941), King had been commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet, responsible for protecting vital supplies being sent to the Allies. King was made fleet admiral, a five-star rank, in 1944.