Donald Thomas Regan

Donald Thomas Regan , 1918-2003, U.S. government official and financier, b. Cambridge, Mass. A graduate of Harvard (B.A. 1940), he went to work (1946) at a brokerage house that became Merrill Lynch after serving as a Marine officer in World War II. Regan rose through the company to become its youngest president in 1968 and chief executive in 1973, transforming the firm into a publicly owned financial services company. A long-time Republican, he was active in Ronald Reagan 's presidential campaign and became (1981) his Treasury secretary and a strong advocate of supply-side economics , tax cuts, government cutbacks, and deregulation. In 1985 he became White House chief of staff, a post in which he wielded great power. As revelations concerning the Iran-contra affair hurt the president's image, the first lady blamed Regan and worked to force him out. Regan resigned in 1987 and wrote For the Record (1988), in which he attacked Nancy Reagan; she shot back in My Turn (1989).

Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 U.S. 654 (1981), argued 24 June 1981, decided 2 July 1981 by vote of 9 to 0; Rehnquist for the Court, Stevens concurring in part, Powell concurring in part and dissenting in part. This decision upheld certain actions taken by President Jimmy Carter in January 1981 to settle the controversy resulting from the seizure of American personnel as hostages at the American Embassy in Tehran, Iran, in 1979. To secure the hostages' release, the United States agreed with Iran to terminate legal proceedings in U.S. courts involving claims by U.S. nationals against Iran, to nullify attachments against Iranian property entered by U.S. courts to secure any judgments against Iran, and to transfer such claims from U.S. courts to a newly created arbitration tribunal. These agreements were implemented by executive orders.

The Court upheld these presidential actions against challenges that they were unauthorized by law. The Court concluded that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) authorized the president to nullify the attachments and to transfer Iranian assets. It also approved the suspension of claims filed in U.S. courts even though no specific statutory provision authorized that step. In so doing the Court relied on inferences drawn from related legislation, a history of congressional acquiescence in executive claims settlement practices, and past decisions recognizing broad executive authority.

This decision has been criticized for applying a too‐undemanding standard to the question of presidential power, in particular by relying on inferences from statutes that do not directly deal with certain subjects at hand and, especially, on legislative acquiescence in executive activity. On any view, this decision is an important recognition of broad presidential power in foreign relations.

See also Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy; Presidential Emergency Powers.

Thomas O. Sargentich

Wolfit, Sir Donald [ Donald Woolfitt] (1902–68), English actor-manager. He made his first appearance on the stage in 1920 and four years later was seen in London as Phirous in Temple Thurston's The Wandering Jew. In 1929–30 he was at the Old Vic, then toured Canada as Robert Browning in Besier's The Barretts of Wimpole Street, and was seen in London again as Thomas Mowbray in Gordon Daviot's Richard of Bordeaux (1933). He was at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1936, and the following year formed his own company, touring extensively in a Shakespearian repertory in which he also appeared for a season at the Kingsway Theatre in 1940. During the Battle of Britain he gave over 100 lunch-time performances of scenes from Shakespeare, and he later continued to tour in Shakespeare and other classics, two of his best performances being the title-role in Jonson's Volpone and Sir Giles Overreach in Massinger's A New Way to Pay Old Debts. He was also excellent in the title-role of Marlowe's Tamburlaine at the Old Vic in 1951, and as Lord Ogleby in Colman and Garrick's The Clandestine Marriage. In 1957 he appeared at the Lyric Theatre, Hammer-smith, in two plays by Montherlant, The Master of Santiago and Malatesta.

His wife, Rosalind Iden (1911–90), was an excellent actress who appeared with him in many of his productions.