Derek H R Barton

Derek H. R. Barton 1918-98, British chemist, b. Gravesend, England, grad. Imperial College of Science and Technology (B.S. 1940, Ph.D. 1942, D.Sc. 1949). He was on the faculty of Imperial College (1945-50, 1957-78), Birkbeck College, London (1950-55), the Univ. of Glasgow (1955-57), and Texas A&M (1986-98) and was director (1978-86) of the Institute for the Chemistry of Natural Substances at Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Barton shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Norwegian chemist Odd Hassel for their separate contributions to the development of conformational analysis, which is the prediction of the chemical and physical properties of organic molecules based upon a preferred conformation of the atoms in the molecule. Barton and Hassel showed that the way organic compounds interact is linked to the way they assume certain geometric configurations. Thus, there exists a simple relationship between configuration and conformation, such that configurations can be predicted once the possible conformations for the products of a reaction are analyzed. Also among Barton's contributions is a process for synthesizing the important hormone aldosterone , which is used in the treatment of Addison's disease . He wrote Half a Century of Radical Chemistry (1993) and Reason and Imagination: Reflections on Research in Organic Chemistry (1996).

select bibliography Many of the themes in this dictionary can be followed up in the numerous commentaries on individual books of the Bible that are available, and especially in the one-volume Oxford Bible Commentary (edited by John Barton and John Muddiman; OUP, 2001) which has authoritative articles and extensive bibliographies. A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation (SCM Press, 1990) and the Oxford Companion to the Bible (OUP, 1993) have been widely recommended, and the six volumes of the Anchor Bible Dictionary (1992) are an indispensable work of reference.

For further reading:

Old Testament

James Barr , History and Ideology in the Old Testament (OUP, 2000)
John Barton , Reading the Old Testament (DLT, 1996)
John Barton , Ethics and the Old Testament (SCM, 2002)
John Barton and and Julia Bowden , The Original Story (DLT, 2004)
R. J. Coggins , Samaritans and Jews (Blackwell, 1975)
J. L. Crenshaw , Old Testament Wisdom (SCM, 1982)
E. W. Davits , The Dissenting Reader: Feminism Approaches to the Hebrew Bible (Ashgate, 2003)
John Jarick , Chronicles (Sheffield Academic Press, 2002)
W. Johnson , Exodus (Sheffield Academic Press, 1990)
R. W. L. Moberly , Genesis 12–50 (Sheffield Academic Press, 1992)
E. W. Nicholson , Preaching to the Exiles (Blackwell, 1970)
H. D. Preuss , Old Testament Theology (T. & T. Clark, 1997)
J. Rogerson , Beginning Old Testament Study (rev. edn., SPCK, 1998)
J. Rogerson , Chronicles of the Old Testament Kings (Thames & Hudson, 1990)
J. Rogerson , Genesis 1–11 (Sheffield Academic Press, 1991)
R. S. Sugirtharajah , The Bible and the Third World (CUP, 2001)
R. N. Whybray , The Good Life in the Old Testament (T. & T. Clark, 2001)
R. N. Whybray , The Making of the Pentateuch (Sheffield Academic Press, 1987)
G. Vermes , An Introduction to the Dead Sea Scrolls (SCM, 1999)

New Testament

C. K. Barrett , The Acts of the Apostles: A Shorter Commentary (T. & T. Clark, 2002)
R. E. Brown , The Birth of the Messiah (Chapman, 1979)
R. E. Brown , Introduction to the New Testament (Doubleday, 1997)
R. Burridge , What are the Gospels? (CUP, 1992)
P. Carnley , Reflections in Glass (Harper Collins, 2004)
J. D. Crossan , The Birth of Christianity (T. & T. Clark, 1999)
R. A. Culpepper , The Johannine Literature (Sheffield Academic Press, 2000)
John Drury , Painting the Word (Yale, 1999)
J. D. G. Dunn , Unity and Diversity in the New Testament (SCM, 1997)
J. D. G. Dunn , The Theology of Paul the Apostle (T. & T. Clark, 2003)
J. D. G. Dunn , A New Perspective on Jesus (SPCK, 2005)
B. D. Ehrman , A Brief Introduction to the New Testament (OUP, 2004)
Mark Goodacre , The Synoptic Problem (Continuum, 2001)
Michael Goulder , A Tale of Two Missions (SCM, 1994)
B. H. Green , Matthew: Poet of the Beatitudes (Sheffield Academic Press, 2001)
A. E. Harvey , Jesus and the Constraints of History (Duckworth, 1982)
M. Hooker , Paul: A Short Introduction (Oneworld, 2003)
M. Hooker , Endings (SCM, 2003)
W. Horbury , Messianism among Jews and Christians (Continuum, 2003)
J. L. Houlden , Ethics and the New Testament (T. & T. Clark, 1995)
Gareth Moore , A Question of Truth (Continuum, 2003)
S. Moyise , The Old Testament in the New Testament (Continuum, 2001)
C. F. D. Moule , The Birth of the New Testament (Continuum, 2000)
Christopher Rowland , Christian Origins (SPCK, 2002)
E. P. Sanders , The Historical Figure of Jesus (Penguin, 1993)
E. P. Sanders , Paul (OUP, 1993)
A. Schweitzer , The Quest of the Historical Jesus (with a preface by D. E. Nineham, SCM, 2000)
Graham Stanton , Gospel Truth? (Harper Collins, 1998)
A. Thatcher , Living Together and Christian Ethics (CUP, 2002)
G. Theissen , The Shadow of the Galilean (SCM, 1987)
G. Theissen , The New Testament (T. & T. Clark, 2003)
N. T. Wright , The New Testament and the People of God (SPCK, 1992)
N. T. Wright , The Resurrection of the Son of God (SPCK, 2003)

The New Testament Environment

C. A. Evans and and S. E. Porter , Dictionary of New Testament Background (IVP, 2000)
W. A. Meeks , The First Urban Christians (Yale University Press, 1983)
W. A. Meeks , In Search of the Early Christians (Yale University Press, 2002)
John Riches , The World of Jesus (CUP, 1990)
G. Theissen , The Social Context of Pauline Christianity (T. & T. Clark, 1982)

regional novel, a novel describing people and landscape of an actual locality outside the metropolis. Early examples are set in Ireland ( M. Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent) and Scotland ( J. Galt, The Provost) and are primarily studies of individual societies and characters. Sir W. Scott, however, combined a historically informed feeling for local customs with an aesthetic appreciation of natural scenery. By the mid-19th cent. the localities described are often smaller, the focus being partly sociological, as in C. Brontë's Shirley, and in the rural fiction of Mrs Gaskell (Cheshire) and G. Eliot (the Midlands). Hardy set his works in a fictive Wessex where an appreciation of both aesthetic and geological aspects of landscape complements a concern with agricultural and economic issues. Thenceforward these two approaches tend to diverge.

In the mid-19th cent., industrial or urban novels set in a specific town or city included Gaskell's Mary Barton, Dickens's Hard Times, and Eliot's Middlemarch, and the tradition continued in the 20th cent. in the work of Joyce. Following E. Brontë's Wuthering Heights and R. D. Blackmore's portrayal of Exmoor in Lorna Doone, other novelists adopted remote locations for romantic dramas ( S. R. Crockett's Galloway, Eden Phillpotts's Dartmoor, H. Walpole's Cumberland). Other writers adopted fictional counties including A. Trollope (Barset), W. Holtby (South Riding) or towns ( M. Oliphant's Carlingford). The genuinely regional work of R. Jefferies (Wiltshire), C. Holme (Westmorland), and F. Brett Young (Worcestershire) combines social analysis with a celebration of domestic allegiances, as do the domestic novels set in Radstowe (Bristol) of E. H. Young (1880–1947). More didactically slanted accounts of particular regions are found in the Shropshire romances of Mary Webb and the early work of H. Williamson (Devonshire) in which country life is contrasted favourably with that of towns.

The continued oscillation between romantic and realistic handling of regionalism in the 20th cent. is reflected in the popularity enjoyed by the Cornish novels of D. du Maurier, the Tyneside ones of Catherine Cookson, and the historical Cornish novels of Winston Graham (1909– ), whose Poldark series appeared in 1945. Examples of regionalism of an exclusively naturalistic kind are A. Bennett's tales of the Staffordshire ‘Five Towns’, and the accounts of farming life of S. Kaye-Smith (1887–1956) (Kent and Sussex) and Adrian Bell (1901–80, Suffolk). Emphasis on social realism becomes more pronounced in the 1920s in the work of Phyllis Bentley (1894–1977), who wrote of the textile industry in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and H. E. Bates (Northamptonshire). In D. H. Lawrence's The Rainbow (Nottinghamshire) and A Glastonbury Romance by J. C. Powys the potential limitations of the genre are surmounted through the integration of particular landscapes and places with individual psychological, religious, and emotional experience. In the second half of the 20th cent. regional writers continued to favour a realist approach, as in the work of Leo Walmsley (1892–1966) with his trilogy set on the north Yorkshire coast, John Moore (1907–67), with works based in Gloucestershire, and John Toft (1933– ), Staffordshire. In particular the regional novel has become a sociologically attuned vehicle for working-class concerns, A Scots Quair by Lewis Grassic Gibbon anticipating the novels of Durham-born ex-miner Sid Chaplin (1916–86), Sillitoe, and Barstow in replacing nostalgia with radical questioning and social realism.