Deaths

Ralph David Abernathy, 64, minister, leader in the civilrights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, cofounder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 12 March 1992.

Bella Savitsky Abzug, 77, outspoken feminist and Democratic representative from New York (1971-1977); first Jewish woman in Congress; known also for her outstanding collection of sometimes-outlandish hats, 31 March 1998.

Spiro Theodore Agnew, 77, Republican governor of Maryland (1967-1969) and vice president of the United States (1969-1973); resigned because he was facing bribery and tax evasion charges and eventually pleaded "no contest" to tax evasion, 17 September 1996.

Leslie "Les" Aspin Jr., 56, Democratic representative from Wisconsin (1971-1993) and Secretary of Defense (1993-1994), 21 May 1995.

Harvey Leroy "Lee" Atwater, 40, chairman of the Republican National Committee (1988-1990); infamous for designing negative political campaigns, especially the 1988 "Willie Horton" campaign against Democratic presidential nominee Massachusetts governor Michael Stanley Dukakis, 29 March 1991.

Daisy Lee (Gatson) Bates, 85, African American civil rights activist, who in 1957, at considerable risk to her own safety, supported and nurtured the nine African American students who integrated Little Rock (Arkansas) Central High School, 4 November 1999.

Terrei Howard "Ted" Bell, 74, Secretary of Education (1981-1985), appointed by President Ronald Reagan to phase out the Department of Education, but Bell changed his mind and, despite Reagan's objections, oversaw the writing and issuing of a report on schools (A Nation at Risk, 1987) calling for more help for education, 22 June 1996.

Ezra Taft Benson, 94, Secretary of Agriculture (1953-1961), known for his outspoken and extremely conservative views; president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (1985-1994), 30 May 1994.

Rose Elizabeth Bird, 63, first female justice and chief justice of the California Supreme Court (1977-1986), controversial because of her views and decisions in opposition to the death penalty, 4 December 1999.

Harry Andrew Blackmun, 90, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1970-1994) who wrote the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade (1973), 4 March 1999.

Salvatore "Sonny" Bono, 62, Republican representative from California (1995-1998), best known for his singing and acting partnership Sonny and Cher, 5 January 1998.

Thomas Bradley, 80, Democratic mayor of Los Angeles (1973-1993), first African American to be elected to the Los Angeles city council and mayorship, 29 September 1998.

William Joseph Brennan Jr., 91, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1956-1990), wrote Baker v. Carr (1962) decision paving the way for reapportionment of state legislatures; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) reinforcing freedom of the press; and Texas v. Johnson (1989) affirming that burning the U.S. flag is political expression protected by the First Amendment. He was a critical part of the 1950s and 1960s liberal majority on the Court that ushered in a new era for civil rights and civil liberties, 24 July 1997.

Alfred Bryant Renton "Harry" Bridges, 88, Australian-born radical labor leader. He came to the United States in 1920 and later became a naturalized citizen; organized labor strikes on the West coast among longshoremen and maritime workers; was ordered deported several times, but he won court battles to stay in the United States; in 1950 he was convicted of perjury for denying Communist Party membership in his oath of naturalization and was sentenced to seven years in prison, but that too was overturned on appeal, 30 March 1990.

Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, 90, Democratic Governor of California (1959-1966); lost bid for a third term to Ronald Reagan (1966); father of Edmund. B"Jerry" (Governor Moonbeam) Brown Jr., 16 February 1996.

Ronald H. Brown, first African American chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC, 1989—1992); Secretary of Commerce (1993-1996), 3 April 1996.

McGeorge Bundy, 77, National Security Adviser to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson (1961-1966), one of the architects of increasing U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam; president of the Ford Foundation (1966-1979), 16 September 1996.

Warren Earl Burger, 88, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1969-1986), wrote the decision in United States v. Nixon (1974) establishing that claims of executive privilege do not shield presidents from judicial subpoenas, leading to the release of Nixon's tapes and ultimately to his resignation from the presidency, 25 June 1995.

Anthony Joseph Celebrezze, 88, mayor of Cleveland, Ohio (1953-1962); first ethnically Italian cabinet member as Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1962-1965), 29 October 1998.

John Hubbard Chafee, 76, Republican governor (1963-1969) of, and senator (1976-1999) from, Rhode Island; Secretary of the Navy (1969-1972), 24 October 1999.

Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr., 68, Democratic senator (1971-1989) from, and governor (1991-1998) of, Florida, 12 December 1998.

Clark McAdams Clifford, 91, lawyer and adviser to Democratic presidents, including Harry S Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter; helped draft the National Security Act of 1947, which set up U.S. institutional structure in foreign affairs; and, while Secretary of Defense (1968-1969), he convinced Johnson that the war in Vietnam was unwinnable, leading to Johnson's decision not to run for another term, 10 October 1998.

William Egar Colby, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and CIA director (1973-1976) cooperated with congressional investigations leading to the publicizing of intelligence operations and instituted reforms, 27 April 1996.

John Bowden Connally Jr., 76, Democratic governor of Texas (1963-1969); wounded while riding in the same car in which President John F. Kennedy was assassinated; switched to the Republican Party and served as President Richard M. Nixon's Secretary of Treasury (1971-1972); unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for president (1980), 15 June 1993.

John Sherman Cooper, 89, Republican senator from Kentucky (1946-1949, 1952-1955, 1956-1973); ambassador to India (1955-1956) and East Germany (1974-1976); member of the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy; and was also one of the few Republican senators identified as opposing the war in Vietnam, 21 February 1991.

Charles Coles Diggs Jr., 75, Democratic representative from Michigan (1955-1980); founder and first chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus (1969—1971); first victim of Newton Leroy "Newt" Gingrich's (R-Georgia) strategy to target congressional Democrats on ethics issues in order to discredit them and help elect Republicans. Diggs was convicted (1978) of taking kickbacks from employees on his congressional office payroll, was censured (1979), resigned (1980), and was imprisoned for seven months (1980-1981), 24 August 1998.

John Daniel Ehrlichman, 73, chief domestic adviser to President Richard M. Nixon (1969-1973); authorized covert operations designed to discredit Dr. Daniel J. Ellsberg, who had delivered the Pentagon Papers (1971) to the press; was part of the Watergate coverup; resigned at Nixon's request in 1973, and was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. After his release from prison he wrote mildly interesting and fairly successful political novels, 14 February 1999.

Orval Eugene Faubus, 84, Democratic segregationist governor of Arkansas (1955-1967); mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine African American students from attending Little Rock Central High School in 1957, and in doing so set off a national furor that increased nationwide support for integration, 14 December 1994.

Millicent Hammond Fenwick, 81, Republican representative from New Jersey (1975-1983); ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture (1983-1987); reputed to have inspired the character Lacey Davenport in the comic strip "Doonesbury," 16 December 1992.

Robert H. Finch, 70, campaign manager for Richard M. Nixon's unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign, lieutenant governor of California (1966-1969); and Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (1.969—1970), 10 October 1995.

Vincent Walker Foster Jr., 48, White House deputy counsel for President Bill Clinton and former Arkansas law partner of Hillary Rodham Clinton; oversaw the handling of the Whitewater investigation; his suicide prompted intensified investigations both into his death and the Whitewater scandal, 20 July 1993.

James William Fulbright, 89, Democratic representative (1943-1945) and senator (1945-1962, 1968-1974) from Arkansas; chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1959-1974); used committee hearings to question U.S. policy in Vietnam, 9 February 1995.

Arthur J. Goldberg, 81, Secretary of Labor 1961-1962); associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1962-1965); wrote the Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) decision affirming that confessions by defendants who were deprived of counsel cannot be used in court; and ambassador to the United Nations (1965-1968), 19 January 1990.

Barry Morris Goldwater, 89, Republican senator from Arizona (1953-1965, 1969-1987); candidate for president in 1964; credited with being the godfather to the conservative political movement of the late twentieth century, although in his later years he disavowed some conservative positions and tactics. His acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention in 1964 contained the famous phrase: "extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice … moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue," 29 May 1998.

Albert Arnold Gore Sr., 90, Democratic representative (1945-1953) and senator (1953-1971) from Tennessee; early opponent of U.S. participation in the Vietnam War; father of Vice President Albert Arnold Gore Jr., 5 December 1998.

Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman, 66, chief of staff to President Richard M. Nixon until he was forced to resign, partly to protect the president, in the wake of the Watergate scandals, 12 November 1993.

Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa, 85, educator, linguist, and semanticist; senator from California (1977-1983); first came to the public's notice when he stood up in opposition to student demonstrators while president of San Francisco State College (1968-1973), 27 February 1992.

Alger Hiss, 92, State Department official and adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt; accused in 1948 by Whittaker Chambers, in testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee, of being a communist spy, which he denied; was convicted and served five years in prison for perjury; spent the rest of his life asserting his innocence, 15 November 1996.

Roman Lee Hruska Sr., 94, Republican representative (1953-1954) and senator (1954-1976) from Nebraska; well known for trying to defend a Richard M. Nixon nominee to the Supreme Court who some said was mediocre, arguing the Court could use a little mediocrity, 25 April 1999.

Harold Everett Hughes, 74, Democratic governor (1963-1969) of, and senator (1969-1975) from, Iowa; unsuccessful candidate for presidential nomination (1972), 23 October 1996.

Richard Howard "Dick" Ichord II, 66, representative from Missouri (1961-1981); last chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee (House Internal Security Committee after 1969), 25 December 1992.

Randolph Jennings, 96, Democratic representative (1933-1947) and senator (1958-1984) from West Virginia; drafted and secured passage of the 26th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, securing the right to vote for eighteen-to twenty-year-old citizens, 8 May 1998.

William Pat Jennings, 74, Democratic representative from Virginia (1955-1967), 2 August 1994.

Barbara Charline Jordan, 59, Democratic representative from Texas (1973-1979); first African American woman elected to Congress from the South, as well as to give the keynote at the Democratic National Convention (1976); was first noticed nationally because of her service on the Judiciary Committee considering the impeachment of Richard M. Nixon (1974), 17 January 1996.

Meir (Martin David) Kahane, 58, rabbi and founder of a radical Zionist movement, 5 November 1990.

Thomas Henry Kuchel, 84, Republican senator from California (1953-1969); refused to buckle to the demands of the fringe Right in California Republican politics, 21 November 1994.

Thurgood Marshall, 82, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1967-1991), the first African American to hold a seat there, who in 1954, as chief counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), argued Brown v. Board of Education before the Supreme Court, 24 January 1993.

John A. McCone, 89, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (1958-1961); director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1961-1965), 14 February 1991.

Wilmer David "Vinegar Bend" Mizell, 68, Republican representative from North Carolina (1969-1975); assistant Secretary of Commerce (1975-1976). Before becoming a politician he was a pitcher in the major leagues (1950-1962), 21 February 1999.

George Lloyd Murphy, 89, actor, Republican senator from California (1965-1971), 3 May 1992.

Edmund Sixtus Muskie, 81, Democratic governor (1955-1959) of, and senator (1959-1980) from, Maine; U.S. Secretary of State (1980-1981); vice-presidential nominee (1968); and candidate for the Democratic nomination for president (1972), but his chances were dashed when he cried while defending his wife from scurrilous press attacks on her character, 26 March 1996.

Richard Milhous Nixon, 81, Republican representative (1947-1950) and senator (1950-1953) from California; vice president of the U.S. (1953-1961); unsuccessful candidate for president (1960); unsuccessful candidate for governor of California (1962); President of the United States (1969-1974). The Watergate scandal led to allegations that he had engaged in a cover-up, and as his impeachment by the House of Representatives looked increasingly likely, he resigned the presidency. He was later pardoned by President Gerald R. Ford and wrote several books on foreign affairs, 22 April 1994.

Thelma Catherine "Pat" Nixon (née Ryan), 79, wife of President Richard M. Nixon; first lady (1969-1973), 22 June 1993.

Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr., 81, Democratic representative from Massachusetts (1953-1987); Speaker of the House (1977-1987); author of Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill (1987); famous for the piece of political wisdom that "all politics is local," 5 January 1994.

Lewis Franklin Powell Jr., 90, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1972-1987); wrote the decision in the University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978) that outlawed racial quotas, but allowed race to be a factor in university admissions policy, in effect confirming affirmative-action policies, 25 August 1998.

Dixie Lee Ray, 79, governor of Washington (1977-1981); supporter of nuclear power and last chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 2 January 1994.

Abraham Alexander Ribicoff, 87, Democratic representative (1949-1953) and senator (1963-1981) from Connecticut; governor of Connecticut (1955-1961); Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1961—1962). He is famous for denouncing the "Gestapo tactics" of the Chicago police at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, 22 February 1998.

Elliot Lee Richardson, 79, Republican politician; Under Secretary of State (1969-1970); Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (1970-1973); Secretary of Defense (1973); Attorney General (1973); US. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1975-1976); and Secretary of Commerce (1976-1977). He is the only person to have headed four different cabinet departments; resigned as Attorney General (1973) rather than carry out President Richard Nixon's orders to fire Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox, setting off a chain of appointments and firings known as the "Saturday Night Massacre"; author of Reflections of a Radical Moderate (1996), 31 December 1999.

George Wilcken Romney, 88, Republican governor of Michigan (1963-1969); unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1968; served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in Richard M. Nixon's cabinet (1969-1973), 26 July 1995.

David Dean Rusk, 85, Secretary of State during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations (1961-1969); was an active participant in the deliberations in the executive branch during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962); one of the architects of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, 20 December 1994.

Terranee "Terry" Sanford, 80, Democratic governor (1961-1965) of, and senator (1986-1993) from, North Carolina; candidate for the Democratic nomination for president (1972, 1976); president of Duke University (1969-1985), 18 April 1998.

Hugh Doggett Scott Jr., 93, Republican representative (1941-1945, 1947-1959) and senator (1959-1977) from Pennsylvania; Senate Minority Leader (1969—1977), 21 July 1994.

John Joseph Sirica, 87, federal judge; presided in the Watergate trial; subpoenaed the tapes that suggested that President Richard M. Nixon was involved in a cover-up, leading to his resignation, 14 August 1992.

Margaret Chase Smith, 97, Republican representative (1940-1949) and senator (1949-1973) from Maine; first woman elected to both houses of Congress, 29 May 1995.

Maurice Hubert Stans, 90, Republican administrator and fund-raiser; director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB, 1958-1961) and Secretary of Commerce (1969-1972). Charged with violating fund-raising laws in Richard M. Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign; acquitted, but pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges in 1975 and paid a fine, 14 April 1998.

John Cornelius Stennis, 93, Democratic senator from Mississippi (1947-1989); President Pro Tempore of the Senate (1987-1989). He was one of the Southern senators known for their opposition to civil rights legislation, 23 April 1995.

John Goodwin Tower, 65, Republican senator from Texas (1961-1985); chairman of the Tower Commission established to investigate the Iran-Contra scandal in the Reagan administration (1987); appointed by President George Bush to be Secretary of Defense (1989), but failed to gain confirmation in the Senate, 5 April 1991.

Paul Efthemios Tsongas, 55, Democratic representative (1975-1979) and senator (1979-1985) from Massachusetts; candidate for the Democratic Party nomination for president (1992), 18 January 1997.

Morris King Udall, 75, Democratic representative from Arizona (1961-1991); an early opponent of the Vietnam War and an environmentalist; unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for president (1976), 12 December 1998.

John Anthony Volpe, Republican governor of Massachusetts (1961-1963, 1965-1969); Secretary of Transportation (1969-1973); ambassador to Italy (1973-1977), 1998.

George Corley Wallace Jr., 79, segregationist governor of Alabama (1963-1967, 1971-1979, and 1983-1987), although he did change his stance by the 1980s; famous for refusing to allow African American students to enroll at the University of Alabama by standing in the door of the University to block their court-ordered admission (1963); ran for president as the American Independent Party candidate (1968); unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party nomination for president (1972 and 1976); paralyzed in the lower half of his body by a would-be assassin's bullet (1972), 13 September 1998.

Robert Clifton Weaver, 89, first African American cabinet member as Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (1966-1969), 17 July 1997.

Jamie Lloyd Whitten, 85, Democratic representative from Mississippi (1939-1993); chair of the House Appropriations Committee (1978-1992); served in the House longer than anyone in history, fifty-three years; opposed civilrights legislation and channeled enormous amounts of federal spending into his state, 9 September 1995.

Ralph Webster Yarborough, 92, Democratic senator from Texas (1957-1971); only member of Congress from a southern state to vote for the 1964 Civil Rights Act; was riding in the automobile carrying Lyndon B. Johnson in the Dallas motorcade when President John F. Kennedy was shot (1963), 27 January 1996.

Coleman Alexander Young, 79, first African American mayor of Detroit (1974-1994) and first African American member of the Democratic National Committee (1968), 29 November 1997.

Deaths

Joe Adcock, 71, first baseman for the Milwaukee Braves, established major league record for total bases (18) in a game with four home runs and a double (31 July 1954), 3 May 1999.

Lionel Aldridge, 56, defensive lineman and star (1963-1971) with three Green Bay Packers championship teams (1965-1967), advocate for those with psychiatric problems, 12 February 1998.

George Allen, 78, football coach for the Los Angeles Rams (1966-1970) and Washington Redskins (1971-1977), 31 December 1990.

Mel Allen, 83, "Voice of the Yankees"; he and Red Barber were the first two broadcasters inducted into baseball's Hall of Fame, 16 June 1996.

Davey Allison, 32, stock car racer, 13 July 1993.

Lyle Martin Alzado, 43, defensive lineman for the Denver Broncos, Cleveland Browns, and Oakland Raiders, 1977 NFL Defensive Player of the Year, 14 May 1992.

Andre the Giant (Andre Rousimoff), 46, professional wrestler, 29 January 1993.

Lucius B. "Luke" Appling Jr., 83, Hall of Fame shortstop with the Chicago White Sox, twice led the league in hitting (1936, 1943), 3 January 1991.

Eddie Arcaro, 81, only jockey to win the Triple Crown twice (1941, 1948), 14 November 1997.

Arthur Ashe, 49, first African American man to win Wimbledon (1975) and the U.S. Open (1968), a champion who rose above discrimination he faced; fought for public awareness of AIDS, which he contracted by a blood transfusion during a 1983 heart surgery; the new home of the U.S. Open is named Arthur Ashe Stadium, 6 February 1993.

Walter Lanier "Red" Barber, 84, play-by-play announcer, who worked for the Cincinnati Reds (1934-1939), Brooklyn Dodgers (1939-1953), and New York Yankees (1954-1966); elected in 1973 to the Baseball Hall of Fame, 22 October 1992.

Cliff Barker, 77, member of the 1948 NCAA basketball championship Kentucky Wildcats, 17 March 1998.

Laz Barrera, 66, horse trainer who won the 1976 Triple Crown with thoroughbred Affirmed, named outstanding trainer four years (1976-1979), 25 April 1991.

James "Cool Papa" Bell, 87, Hall of Fame baseball out-fielder whose legendary career was limited to the Negro Leagues, 7 March 1991.

Phil Boggs, 40, Olympic gold-medal winning springboard diver (1976), three-time world champion (1973, 1975, 1978), and nine-time U.S. national title holder, 4 July 1990.

Paul E. Brown, 82, founder, owner, general manager, and coach of the Cleveland Browns and the Cincinnati Bengals, 5 August 1991.

Junius "Buck" Buchanan, 51, Hall of Fame defensive lineman with the Kansas City Chiefs, 16 July 1992.

Smokey Burgess (Forrest Harrill), 64, baseball catcher with 145 major league pinch hits, 15 September 1991.

Roy Campanella, 71, three-time MVP (1951, 1953, 1955) catcher for five pennant-winning (one World Series victory) Brooklyn Dodgers; one of the first African American major league players; severely injured in a 1958 auto wreck that left him in a wheelchair, 26 June 1993.

Harry Caray (Harry Christopher Carabina), 78, Chicago Cubs baseball announcer (1981-1997), known for his seventh-inning-stretch rendition of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game," 18 February 1998.

Wilton (Wilt) Chamberlain, 63, best remembered for scoring one hundred points in a basketball game (2 March 1962); all-time NBA leader in rebounds (23,924); only player to score four thousand points in a season (1961-1962), averaging 50.4 points per game, 12 October 1999.

Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler, 92, commissioner during the integration of baseball (1945-1951), following a political career in Kentucky as governor and U.S. senator, 15 June 1991.

Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton, 67, one of three African American basketball players to break the color line in professional sports in 1950; Harlem Globetrotters basketball star and forward for the New York Knicks (1950-1958), 31 August 1990.

Chuck Connors, 71, former pro baseball (Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs) and basketball player (Boston Celtics) who later starred in The Rifleman on television, 10 November 1992.

Howard Cosell, 77, sportscaster, primarily for boxing and football, whose propensity for "telling it like it is" often made him controversial; helped make Monday Night Football a television staple, 23 April 1995.

Robert E. "Bob" Davies, 70, basketball Hall of Fame guard and coach, 22 April 1990.

Leon Day, 78, star pitcher in the Negro Leagues (1934-1950); elected to baseball's Hall of Fame six days before his death, 13 March 1995.

Joe DiMaggio, 84, "The Yankee Clipper" hit successfully in fifty-six consecutive baseball games; MVP winner in the American League in 1939, 1941, and 1947; an out-fielder for the New York Yankees (1936-1942, 1946-1951), he led the team to nine World Series champion-ships, 8 March 1999.

Don Drysdale, 56, Hall of Fame pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1956-1968) before becoming a sports-caster, 3 July 1993.

Leo Durocher, 86, baseball player and manager who won three National League pennants and the 1954 World Series, 7 October 1991.

Wilbur "Weeb" Eubank, 91, coach of the Baltimore Colts (1954-1962) and the New York Jets (1963-1973); in the biggest upset in Super Bowl history (1968), he led the Jets when they stunned the Colts (16 to 7) after his quarterback, Joe Namath, guaranteed a victory, 17 November 1998.

Rick Ferrell, 89, baseball Hall of Fame catcher for the St. Louis Browns, Boston Red Sox, and Washington Senators (1929-1945, 1947), 27 July 1995.

Charles O. "Chuck" Finley, 77, flamboyant owner of the Oakland As; successfully introduced the designated hitter to baseball, 19 February 1996.

Curt Flood, 59, all-star center fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals, whose challenge to the reserve clause changed the economics of baseball, eventually allowing free agency, 20 January 1997.

William "Pops" Gates, 82, Hall of Fame player and coach of the Harlem Globetrotters, 2 December 1999.

Charlie Gehringer, 89, Hall of Fame second baseman with the Detroit Tigers; .320 lifetime batting average, 21 January 1993.

Isaac Grainger, 104, former president of the United States Golf Association (USGA) who helped unify the rules of golf, 11 October 1999.

Harold Edward "Red" Grange, 87, "the Galloping Ghost," football Hall of Fame running back primarily for the Chicago Bears, 28 January 1991.

Rocky Graziano (Thomas Rocco Barbella), 71, world middleweight boxing champion (1947-1948), 22 May 1990.

Tom Harmon, 70, 1940 Heisman Trophy winner at the University of Michigan, halfback for the Los Angeles Rams (1946-1947), and football broadcaster, 15 March 1990.

Billy Herman, 83, Hall of Fame second baseman primarily with the Chicago Cubs (1931-1941), coach, and man-ager of the Boston Red Sox (1964-1966), 5 September 1992.

Ben Hogan, 84, won nine major golf titles and sixty-three tournaments in his forty-two-year career (1929-1971), 25 July 1997.

William "Flash" Hollett, 88, first NHL defenseman to score twenty points in a season (1944-1945), with the Detroit Red Wings, 20 April 1999.

Chandler "Buss" Hovey Jr., 83, yachtsman, America's Cup competitor, 9 April 1998.

Frank James Howard, 86, colorful college Hall of Fame football coach at Clemson University (1941-1970), 26 January 1996.

Jim "Catfish" Hunter, 53, first big-money free agent in baseball (five years, $3.75 million beginning in 1975); Hall of Famer who won five World Series with the Oakland Athletics and the New York Yankees; won the Cy Young award in 1974, 9 September 1999.

Don Hutson, 84, wide receiver for the Green Bay Packers (1935-1945) and a charter member of the College and Pro Football Hall of Fame, 26 June 1997.

Henry Payne Iba, 88, basketball coach who won two national championships at Oklahoma State University (1945-1946) and two Olympic gold medals (1964, 1968), 15 January 1993.

Tommy Ivan, Hall of Fame coach and manager who won Stanley Cups with the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks, 24 June 1999.

Helen Hull Jacobs, 88, tennis player and author, won nine major championships in the 1930s, 2 June 1997.

"Badger" Bob Johnson, 60, hockey coach who led the Wisconsin Badgers to three NCAA championships (1973, 1977, 1981) and Pittsburgh Penguins to the 1991 Stanley Cup championship, 26 November 1991.

Florence Griffith "Flojo" Joyner, 38, three-time Olympic gold-medallist in track (1988), known for flashy and daring athletic wear, 21 September 1998.

Gene Klein, 69, former owner of the San Diego Chargers and of thoroughbred racehorses, 12 March 1990.

Jim Kropfeid, 58, hydroplane racer, won three national championships piloting Miss Budweiser, 3 January 1999.

Alan Kulwicki, 38, racecar driver, winner of the 1992 NASCAR Winston Cup championship, 1 April 1993.

Harry "Cookie" Lavagetto, 77, major league baseball infielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Brooklyn Dodgers; manager of the Washington Senators (1957-1961), 19 August 1990.

Walter "Buck" Leonard, 90, Hall of Fame first baseman for the Homestead Grays (1934-1950) of the Negro Leagues; made even more famous in retirement by his role in Ken Burns's televised documentary Baseball (1994), 27 November 1997.

Reggie Lewis, 27, basketball player for the Boston Celtics (1987-1993), 27 July 1993.

David Logan, 42, popular defensive lineman for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1979-1986) and sportscaster, 12 January 1999.

Ron Luciano, 57, major league umpire, known for his theatrics during games, 18 January 1995.

Sid Luckman, 81, Hall of Fame quarterback for the Chicago Bears (1939-1950), NFL MVP three times, and All-Pro seven times, 5 July 1998.

Horatio Lucy, 90, trainer of Kentucky Derby winners Decidedly (1962) and Northern Dancer (1964), 15 December 1991.

Mickey Mantle, 63, Hall of Fame baseball player for the New York Yankees (1951-1968), the most powerful switch-hitter in baseball history, with 536 career home runs, 13 August 1995.

Robert "Gorilla Monsoon" Marella, 62, popular villainous professional wrestler and television announcer, 6 October 1999.

Frank McGuire, 80, forty-one-year career as basketball coach at St. John's University, the University of North Carolina, and the University of South Carolina, as well as in the pros for the Philadelphia Warriors (1961-1962); led the undefeated UNC team to the 1957 national championship, 11 October 1994.

Louis Meyer, 91, first three-time winner of the Indianapolis 500 (1928, 1933,1936), 7 October 1995.

Cary Middlecoff, 77, dentist who became a top pro golfer, won the Masters (1955) and two U.S. Opens (1949, 1956), 1 September 1998.

Johnny Mize, 80, Hall of Fame first baseman and slugger for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, and New York Yankees; won four home run titles, 2 June 1993.

Willie Mosconi, 80, world pocket-billiards champion thir-teen times between 1941-1956, 16 September 1993.

Wally Moses, 80, outfielder with the Philadelphia A's, Chicago White Sox, and Boston Red Sox; coach with the As; recorded 2,138 major league hits, 10 October 1990.

Marion Motley, 79, Hall of Fame running back for the Cleveland Browns (1946-1954) and Pittsburgh Steelers (1955), helped break the color line in professional foot-ball, 27 June 1999.

Bronko Nagurski, 81, running back and tackle for the Chicago Bears (1930-1937, 1943), 7 January 1990.

Lindsey Nelson, 76, sports broadcaster, voice of the New York Mets (1962-1978), 10 June 1995.

Ray Nitschke, 61, Hall of Fame middle linebacker with the Green Bay Packers (1958-1972), 8 March 1998.

Max "Clown Prince of Baseball" Patkin, 79, entertainer whose sideline and bleacher antics captivated baseball fans for more than thirty years, 30 October 1999.

Walter Payton, 45, "Sweetness," Hall of Fame running back for the Chicago Bears (1975-1987); rushed for more yards than anyone else in history (16,726); twice NFL MVP (1977, 1985), 1 November 1999.

Harvey Penick, 90, premier golf instructor and author of best-selling book on golf, 2 April 1995.

John Pennel, 53, first pole vaulter to clear seventeen feet, three-time world champion, 26 September 1993.

Kim Perrot, 32, guard for the WNBA champion Houston Comets (1997-1998), 19 August 1999.

Jim Pollard, 70, Hall of Fame forward with the Minneapolis Lakers (1946-1955), who played on five NBA championship teams; head coach at La Salle University (1955-1958) and the Lakers (1959-1960), 22 January 1993.

Shirley Povich, 92, sports columnist for The Washington Post, 4 June 1998.

Jerry Quarry, 53, contending heavyweight boxer who fought Muhammad Ali and Floyd Patterson, 3 January 1999.

Harold "Pee Wee" Reese, 81, Hall of Fame shortstop with the Dodgers (Brooklyn, 1940-1957; Los Angeles, 1958), provided team leadership in accepting Jackie Robinson during the first year of integration (1946) of major league baseball, 14 August 1999.

Roy "Wrong Way" Riegels, 84, football player for the University of California-Berkeley known for running sixty-nine yards in the wrong direction after picking up a fumble in the 1929 Rose Bowl, 26 March 1993.

Bobby Riggs, 77, professional tennis player, winner of U.S. Open (1939, 1941) and Wimbledon (1939), whose loss in the 1973 "Battle of the Sexes" match against Billie Jean King was helpful in creating awareness of potential and actual prowess of women in sports, 25 October 1995.

Bill Riordin, 71, tennis promoter who managed Jimmy Connors's early career, 20 January 1991.

Cal Ripken Sr., 63, player, coach, and manager for the Baltimore Orioles for thirty-six years, whose most famous role in latter years was as parent to Cal Jr., 25 March 1999.

Joe Robbie, 73, owner of the Miami Dolphins, 7 January 1990.

Leon "Red" Romo, 78, athletic trainer at the U.S. Naval Academy (1956-1997); worked with midshipmen such as Roger Staubach and David Robinson, 11 July 1999.

Alvin "Pete" Rozelle, 70, NFL commissioner from 1960-1989, presided over growth in the league from twelve to twenty-eight teams and the merger with the AFL; instrumental in creating the Super Bowl and Monday Night Football, 6 December 1996.

Wilma Rudolph, 54, conquered polio as a child and became, in 1960, the first woman to win three gold medals in track and field in one Olympiad; two-time AP Athlete of the Year (1960-1961), 12 November 1994.

Pete Runnels, 63, infielder (1951-1964) for the Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox, and Houston Astros; manager of the Red Sox (1966) for sixteen games; won two AL batting titles (1960, 1962), 20 May 1991.

Gene Sarazen, 97, made the most famous golf shot of the century, a double eagle on the fifteenth hole in the 1935 Masters; first golfer to win all four majors in a career; inventor of the sand wedge, 13 May 1999.

Helen St. Aubin, 69, female professional baseball player whose career inspired the movie A League of Their Own (1992), 8 December 1992.

Elizabeth Robinson Schwartz, 87, first woman to win an Olympic gold medal in track (1928), 18 May 1999.

Roland "Rollie" Schwartz, 85, manager and part-time coach of 1976 U.S. Olympic boxing team that won five gold medals; helped establish the rule that amateur boxers wear protective headgear, 7 April 1998.

Fred Shero, 65, hockey coach of the Philadelphia Flyers (1971-1977); won two Stanley Cups (1974-1975), 24 November 1990.

Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, 76, oddsmaker and sports commentator, 21 April 1996.

Eddie "The Brat" Stanky, 83, second baseman for five NL teams (1943-1953); manager of three teams, 6 June 1999.

Payne Stewart, 42, winner of three major PGA titles, 25 October 1999.

Horace Stoneham, 86, owner and president of the New York/San Francisco Giants baseball team (1936-1976), 7 January 1990.

Carl E. Stotz, 82, founder of Little League baseball (1939), 4 June 1992.

George "Birdie" Tebbetts, 86, four-time all-star catcher for the Detroit Tigers (1936-1942, 1946-1947), better known as a manager of Cincinnati Reds, 24 March 1999.

Fred Trosco, 81, running back with Tom Harmon for the University of Michigan, and coach at Eastern Michigan University (1952-1964), 6 February 1999.

Jim Valvano, 47, inspirational basketball coach at North Carolina State (where he won the national champion-ship in 1983); television commentator; the V Foundation for cancer research is named for him, 28 April 1993.

Johnny Vander Meer, 82, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds (1937-1943, 1946-1949), Chicago Cubs (1950), and Cleveland Indians (1951); only major league ball player ever to throw no-hitters in two consecutive starts (11 and 15 June 1938), 6 October 1997.

"Jersey" Joe Walcott (Arnold Raymond Cream), 80, heavyweight boxing champ (1951-1952), 25 February 1994.

Helen Wallenda, 85, last of the original Flying Wallendas trapeze artists, 9 May 1996.

Rudolf "Minnesota Fats" Wanderone Jr., 82, pool hustler who was the model for Jackie Gleason's portrayal in The Hustler (1961), 18 January 1996.

Charlie Whittingham, 86, oldest trainer to saddle a winner at Kentucky Derby (1986) and Preakness (1989), 20 April 1999/

Bud Wilkinson, 77, University of Oklahoma football coach; won three national titles (1950, 1955-1956); won forty-seven straight games (1953-1957); also coached the St. Louis Cardinals (1978-1979), 9 February 1994.

Cleveland "Big Cat" Williams, 66, boxer who challenged Muhammad Ali in 1966 for the heavyweight title, 14 September 1999.

Alexander "The Great" Wojciechowicz, 76, center-line-backer for Fordham University, the Detroit Lions (1938-1946), and the Philadelphia Eagles (1946-1950); one of the "Seven Blocks of Granite"; inducted into both the college and pro football Halls of Fame, 13 July 1992.

Early Wynn, 79, Hall of Fame pitcher for the Washington Senators (1939-1948), Cleveland Indians (1949-1957, 1963), Chicago White Sox (1958-1962); won twenty victories five times and one Cy Young (1959); winner of three hundred games, 4 March 1999.

Deaths

Berenice Abbott, 93, photographer, best known for her portraits of American expatriates in Paris during the 1920s and her documentary photographs of New York life during the 1930s and 1940s, 9 December 1991.

Gene Autry, 91, singer and actor, who starred in a series of musical-western movies, including Singing Cowboy (1936), Red River Valley (1936), and Rhythm in the Saddle (1938), 2 October 1998.

Pearl Bailey, 72, recording artist and actress, whose Broadway appearances included a part in House of Flowers (1954) and the lead in the all-black production of Hello, Dolly (1967) and whose screen credits include Carmen Jones (1954), St. Louis Blues (1958), and Porgy and Bess (1959), 7 August 1990.

Leonard Bernstein, 72, conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1957—1969) and composer whose best-known works were the scores for Jerome Robbins's ballet Fancy Free (1944) and the Broadway musicals Candide (1956) and West Side Story (1957), 14 October 1990.

Sonny Bono, 62, singer who was part of the pop-music duo Sonny & Cher during the late 1960s and early 1970s and then went on to become a successful restaurateur and a member of the House of Representatives, 5 January 1998.

George Burns, 100, actor who teamed with his wife, Gracie Allen, on comedy shows on radio in the 1930s and television in the 1950s, and performed in movies such as Oh, God (1977), 9 March 1996.

John Cage, 80, avant-garde composer of works such as Imaginary Landscape #4 (1951) and 4'33 (1952), in which he claimed to have liberated "nonmusical sounds" to demonstrate that "everything we do is music," 12 August 1992.

Cab Calloway, 86, jazz musician best known for the song "Minnie the Moodier," 18 November 1994.

John Candy, 41, comedy actor, best known for his work on the television show Second City Television, 4 April 1994.

Frank Capra, 94, movie director who expressed an unshakable belief in the American dream in movies such as It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), 3 September 1991.

James Clavell, 70, popular novelist whose books include Tai-Pan (1966) and Shogun (1975), 7 September 1994.

Kurt Cobain, 27, founding member of the alternative rock band Nirvana, by suicide, 8 April 1994.

Claudette Colbert, 92, actress who won an Oscar for her performance opposite Clark Gable in It Happened One Night (1934), 30 July 1996.

Aaron Copland, 90, classical composer who combined modern tonal music, jazz, and folk tunes in works such as scores for the ballets Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942), and Appalachian Spring (1944) and the movies Of Mice and Men (1939), Our Town (1940), The Red Pony (1948), and The Heiress (1949), 2 December 1990.

Joseph Cotten, 89, actor who started out with Orson Welles's Mercury Theater and later had roles in Welles's movies Citizen Kane (1941), The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and The Third Man (1949), 6 February 1994.

Miles Davis, 65, jazz trumpeter who played in Charlie Parker's bebop quintet in the late 1940s and later became known for his of cool jazz, hard bop, and fusion, 28 September 1991.

Sammy Davis Jr., 64, singer, dancer, actor, and member of Frank Sinatra's "Rat Pack," whose hit songs include "Hey There" (1954), "What Kind of Fool Am I?" (1962), and "Candy Man" (1972) and whose screen credits include Porgy and Bess (1959), The Threepenny Opera (1963), Sweet Charity (1969), and Tap (1989), 16 May 1990.

Willem de Kooning, 92, abstract expressionist artist who helped to put New York City at the center of the international art world after World War II, 1 March 1997.

John Denver, 53, recording artist whose hit singles include "Country Roads," "Thank God I'm a Country Boy," "Rocky Mountain High," and "Annie's Song," 12 October 1997.

James Dickey, 74, poet and novelist, who won a National >Book Award for his verse collection Buckdancers Choice (1965) and earned popular and critical acclaim for his novel Deliverance (1970), 19 January 1997.

Allen Drury, 80, author and journalist, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his novel Advise and Consent (1959), 2 September 1998.

Ralph Ellison, 80, author of the groundbreaking Invisible Man (1952), and the posthumously published Juneteenth (1999), novels about the African American experience in the United States, 16 April 1994.

Tom Ewell, 85, character actor who had supporting roles in movies such as Adams Rib (1949) and The Seven Year Itch (1955), 12 September 1994.

Ella Fitzgerald, 78, jazz singer known for her ability sing in scat, swing, bebop, and improvisational styles and whose first and best-known hit was "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" (1938), 14 June 1996.

Jerry Garcia, 54, founding member and lead guitarist in the Grateful Dead, who helped create the psychedelic-rock sound of the 1960s and later pioneered "country rock," 9 August 1995.

Greer Garson, 91, actress whose screen credits include Pride and Prejudice (1940), Mrs. Miniver (1942), and Madame Curie (1943), 6 April 1996.

John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie, 76, jazz trumpeter and composer who created the bebop sound with Charlie "Bird" Parker, 6 January 1993.

Allen Ginsberg, 70, poet, whose long poem Howl (1956) is one of the most notable works by a member of the Beat Generation, 5 April 1997.

Martha Graham, 96, pioneering modern dancer best known for her choreography of Letter to the World (1940). Appalachian Spring (1944), Clytemnestra (1958), and Circe (1963), 1 April 1991.

Alex Haley, 70, coauthor of Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965) and author of Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976), the best-selling chronicle of seven generations of his family, going back to their ancestors in Africa, 10 February 1992.

Armand Hammer, 92, industrialist and art patron who left his private collection, valued at $250 million, to the new Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Cultural Center in Los Angeles, 10 December 1990.

Keith Haring, 31, artist who turned grafitti into fine art, of an AIDS-related illness, 16 February 1990.

Joseph Heller, 76, novelist whose World War II Catch-22 (1961) became a favorite of antiwar activists during the Vietnam War, 10 December 1999.

Jim Henson, 54, creator of the puppet characters featured on the educational television series Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in the movies The Muppet Movie (1979), The Great Muppet Caper (1981), and The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984), 16 May 1990.

Audrey Hepburn, 63, actress who won an Academy Award for her role in Roman Holiday (1953) and received Oscar nominations for Sabrina (1954), The Nuns Story (1959), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), and Wait Until Dark (1967), 20 January 1993.

John Hersey, 78, journalist and fiction writer who won a Pulitzer Prize for his first novel, A Bell for Adano (1944), which portrays a megalomaniacal American general during the Allied occupation of Italy; he went on to write two more World War II novels, Hiroshima (1946) and The Wall (1950), before he was forty, 24 March 1993.

Al Hirt, 76, jazz trumpeter who won a 1963 Grammy for Java and played at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961, 21 April 1999.

Burl Ives, 85, folk singer and actor who won an Academy Award for his performance in The Big Country (1958), 14 April 1995.

Raul Julia, 54, versatile actor whose screen credits include Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985) and The Addams Family (1991), 24 October 1994.

Madeline Kahn, 57, actress and comedienne, whose screen credits include Mel Brooks's Young Frankenstein (1974), 3 December 1999.

Garson Kanin, 86, playwright, screenwriter, and director, who wrote the Broadway hit Born Yesterday (1946), and joined with his wife, Ruth Gordon, to write screenplays for successful movies such as A Double Life (1947), Adams Rib (1949), Pat and Mike (1952), and It Should Happen to You (1954), 13 March 1999.

Gene Kelly, 83, dancer and actor who starred in, choreographed, and codirected movies such as On the Town (1949), An American in Paris (1951), and Singin in the Rain (1952), 2 February 1996.

Richard Kiley, 76, actor who won a Tony for his portrayal of Don Quixote in the Broadway production of Man of La Mancha, 5 March 1999.

Howard Koch, 92, Hollywood screenwriter, who helped to write movies such as Sergeant York (1941), Casablanca (1943), and Rhapsody in Blue (1945) and was blacklisted during the 1950s for alleged communist leanings, 17 August 1995.

Stanley Kubrick, 70, director, screenwriter, and producer, whose screen credits include Paths of Glory (1957), Spartacus (1960), Dr. Strangelove (1964), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), A Clockwork Orange (1971), Full Metal Jacket (1987), and Eyes Wide Shut (1999), 7 March 1999.

Burt Lancaster, 81, Hollywood actor who won an Oscar for his lead role in Elmer Gantry (1960), 20 October 1994.

Jonathan Larson, 35, composer who won a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for Rent, which opened on Broadway to rave reviews a few weeks after his death on 25 January 1996.

Ida Lupino, 77, actress who starred in movies such as High Sierra (1941), On Dangerous Ground (1952), and The Big Knife (1955) and became the first successful woman movie director during the 1950s, 3 August 1995.

Andrew Lytle, 92, the last of the Vanderbilt Agrarian writers, best known for his biography of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest (1931) and his novels The Long Night (1936), At the Moons Inn (1941), A Name for Evil (1947), and The Velvet Horn (1957), 12 December 1995.

Fred MacMurray, 83, actor who appeared in the movies Double Indemnity (1944), The Caine Mutiny (1954), The Shaggy Dog (1959), and The Absent Minded Professor (1961), as well as the 1960s television series My Three Sons, 5 November 1991.

Dean Martin, 78, singer, movie actor, and member of Frank Sinatra's "Rat Pack," who teamed with Jerry Lewis for screwball comedies from 1949 into the early 1950s and then went on to play straight roles in movies such as The Young Lions (1958), 25 December 1995.

Mary Martin, 76, actress and singer well known for her acting in Broadway musicals such as South Pacific (1949), Peter Pan (1954), and The Sound of Music (1959), 3 November 1990.

Victor Mature, 86, actor whose screen credits include My Darling Clementine (1946), Samson and Delilah (1949), and After the Fox (1966), 4 August 1999.

Butterfly McQueen, 84, who played Prissy in Gone with the Wind (1939), 22 December 1995.

James Michener, 90, novelist who won a Pulitzer Prize for his first book, Tales of the South Pacific (1947) and wrote best-selling novels such as The Bridge at Toko-Ri (1953), Hawaii (1959), Centennial (1974), and Caribbean (1989), 16 October 1997.

Robert Mitchum, 79, actor who played tough guys in nearly one hundred movies, most notably The Night of the Hunter (1955) and Cape Fear (1962), 1 July 1997.

Robert Motherwell, 76, Abstract Expressionist artist known for his Spanish Elegies series, 16 July 1991.

Maureen O'Sullivan, 87, actress who starred as Jane in the Tarzan movies of the 1930s, 22 June 1998.

Alan J. Pakula, 70, director of movies such as All the President's Men (1976) and Sophie's Choice (1982) and producer of To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), 19 November 1998.

George Peppard, 65, actor who starred opposite Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), 8 May 1994.

Anthony Perkins, 60, who started out as a juvenile actor in Broadway plays such as in Tea and Sympathy (1953) and as an adult became famous for his portrayal of the psychotic Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960), 21 September 1992.

River Phoenix, 23, actor whose screen credits include Stand by Me (1985), The Mosquito Coast (1986), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and My Own Private Idaho (1991), of a heart attack induced by a drug overdose, 31 October 1993.

Walker Percy, 73, Southern writer whose first novel, The Moviegoer (1961), earned him a National Book Award and established his reputation as an important philosophical fiction writer, 10 May 1990.

Selena Quintanilla Perez, 24, Latin-American Taguan singer shot to death by her fan-club president, 31 March 1995.

Mario Puzo, 78, novelist and screenwriter, best known for his novel The Godfather (1969) and the screenplays he wrote with Francis Ford Coppola for The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather Part II (1974), 2 July 1999.

Jose Quintero, 75, notable stage director and founder of the Circle in the Square acting company, 26 February 1999.

Jerome Robbins, 79, choreographer best known for his work on musicals such as The King and I (1951), Peter Pan (1954), West Side Story (1957), Gypsy (1959), and Fiddler on the Roof '(1964), 29 July 1998.

Ginger Rogers, 83, actress who danced with Fred Astaire in movies such as Top Hat (1935) and Shall We Dance? (1937) and won an Academy Award for Kitty Foyle (1940), 25 April 1995.

Miklos Rozsa, 88, composer who won Oscars for his movie scores for Spellbound (1945), A Double Life (1947), and Ben-Hur (1959), 27 July 1995.

George C. Scott, 71, actor who won an Oscar for his leading role in Patton (1970) and was praised for his powerful performances in movies such as Anatomy of a Murder (1959), The Hustler (1961), and Dr. Strangelove (1964), 22 September 1999.

Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel), 87, writer and illustrator of popular children's books such as Horton Hatches the Egg (1940), The Cat in the Hat (1957), Green Eggs and Ham (1960), and The Lorax (1971), 24 September 1991.

Tupac Shakur, 25, gangsta rapper, 13 September 1996, six days after he was shot four times in a drive-by shooting.

Frank Sinatra, 83, popular singer and actor, whose best-selling songs included "Dream" (1945), "Strangers in the Night" (1966), and "My Way' (1969) and whose movie credits include parts in The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), Guys and Dolls (1956), and The Manchurian Candidate (1962), and an Oscar-winning supporting role in From Here to Eternity (1953), 14 May 1998.

Gene Siskel, 53, movie critic for the Chicago Tribune, who appeared with Roger Ebert on the influential television show Siskel & Ebert At the Movies, 20 February 1999.

The Notorious B.I.G. "Biggie Smalls," 24, the Billboard magazine Rapper of the Year for 1995, killed in a drive-by shooting, 9 March 1997.

Barbara Stanwyck, 82, actress best known for her roles in the movies Stella Dallas (1937), The Lady Eve (1941), and Double Indemnity (1944), 20 January 1990.

James Stewart, 89, actor, who won an Academy Award for his performance in The Philadelphia Story (1940) and starred in movie classics such as Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), It's A Wonderful Life (1946), Harvey (1950), Rear Window (1954), and Vertigo (1958), 2 July 1997.

Jessica Tandy, 85, actress who won Tony Awards for her stage performances in A Streetcar Named Desire (1948), The Gin Game (1978), and Foxfire (1987), and an Academy Award for her lead role in the movie version of Driving Miss Daisy (1989), 11 September 1994.

Mel Torme, 73, singer known as the "Velvet Fog" and composer of "The Christmas Song," 5 June 1999.

Lana Turner, 75, actress whose screen credits include The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) and Peyton Place (1957), 29 June 1995.

Sarah Vaughan, 66, jazz vocalist nicknamed the "Divine One" who was credited with popularizing the bebop sound, 4 April 1990.

Tammy Wynette, 55, country singer best known for her ballad "Stand By Your Man," 5 March 1998.

Frank Zappa, 52, rock musician-composer and founder of the Mothers of Invention, 14 December 1993.

Deaths

Morey Amsterdam, 83, vaudeville performer, composer, and actor best known as Buddy Sorrell on The Dick Van Dyke Show, 28 October 1996.

Robert Angus, 74, producer of The Adventures of Ozzie and

Harriet and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, 5 February 1996. Harry S. Ashmore, 81, 1958 Pulitzer Prize-winner for his editorials during the school integration crisis at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, 20 January 1998.

Gene Autry, 91, actor, the original singing cowboy, and composer of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer," 2 October 1998.

Keyes Beech, 76, foreign correspondent who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1951 for his coverage of the Korean War, 15 February 1990.

Bob Bell, 75, TV's Bozo the Clown for twenty-five years, 8 December 1997.

Erma Bombeck, 69, humorist and housewife-turned-columnist, 22 April 1996.

Sonny Bono, 62, singer, costar of the 1970s hit variety show The Sonny and Cher Show, and U. S. congressman from California, 5 January 1998.

Jack Brickhouse, 82, sportscaster and the first voice heard on WGN-TV when it signed on the air in 1948, 6 August 1998.

Wally Bruner, 66, host of the TV game show What's My Line from 1968 to 1972, 3 November 1997.

George N. Burns (Nathan Birnbaum), 100, comedian, actor, screenwriter, straightman to his wife Gracie Allen, and star of the Oh, God! movies, 9 March 1996.

Raymond Burr, 86, actor and star of Perry Mason and Iron-sides, 12 September 1993.

Herb Caen, 80, San Francisco columnist, Pulitzer Prize-winner, 1 February 1997.

John Joseph Carroll, 77, former city editor for the Associated Press in New York City, 6 June 1997.

Mary Margaret "Peggy" Cass, 74, former To Tell The Truth game show panelist, 8 March 1999.

Joseph Cates, 74, TV and Broadway producer, creator of The $64,000 Question, and the man who hired Art Carney to play Ed Norton in The Honeymooners, 10 October 1998.

John Chancellor, 68, journalist and TV news anchor for NBC, 12 July 1996.

Sey Chassler, 78, former Redbook editor who pushed women's magazines to promote equal rights, 11 December 1997.

Virginia Christine (Kraft), 76, actor best remembered for her portrayal of the kindly Swedish lady who offered everyone a cup of Folger's coffee, 24 July 1996.

Nancy Claster, 82, the original Romper Room host, "Miss Nancy," 25 April 1997.

Norma Connolly, 71, actor, Ruby Anderson on General Hospital for twenty years, 17 November 1998.

William Lawrence Cullen, 70, original host of The Price is Right, 7 July 1990.

Adelaide Hawley Cumming, 93, actor, Betty Crocker for General Mills on radio and television, 21 December 1998.

Gail Davis, 71, actor, star of The Annie Oakley Show (1953-1956), 15 March 1997.

Jeanne L. Dixon, 79, astrologer and psychic, 25 January 1997.

Stephen Donaldson, 49, Associated Press reporter who was best known as the first survivor of prison rape to speak out on the issue publicly. Donaldson was jailed in 1973 for trespassing at the White House during a peaceful Quaker protest against the bombing of Cambodia. The warden, suspecting Donaldson of writing an expose, transferred him to a cellblock with violent offenders where he was repeatedly gangraped over a two-day period, 18 July 1996.

Robert E. Dore, prize-winning editor and producer for NBC and National Public Radio, 7 January 1998.

Douglas Edwards, 73, pioneering broadcast journalist and CBS newsman, 13 October 1990.

Christopher Crosby Farley, 33, comedian and actor, cast member on Saturday Night Live, 18 December 1997.

Norman Fell, 74, actor, known best as Mr. Roper from TV's Three's Company, 14 December 1998.

Hugh Finn, 44, Louisville, Kentucky, news anchorman, 9 October 1998.

Art Fleming, 70, the original host of the TV game show Jeopardy (1964-1975), 25 April 1995.

Chet Forte, 60, producer and director of Monday Night Football for twenty-five years, 18 May 1996.

Redd Foxx (John Elroy Sandford), 68, comedian, star of Sanford and Son, 11 October 1991.

Mary Frann (Mary Frances Luecke), 55, actor who played Joanna Louden on Newhart, 23 September 1998.

Isadore "Friz" Freleng, 89, animator of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, and Yosemite Sam. He won five Oscars for his work, 26 May 1995.

Fred Friendly (Ferdinand Friendly Wachenheimer), 82, president of CBS News in the 1960s, helped create the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 3 March 1998.

Eva Gabor, 74, actor, star of sitcom Green Acres, 4 July 1995.

William M. Gaines, 70, publisher, father of comic book horror, helped launch Mad magazine, 3 June 1992.

Martha Gellhorn, 89, pioneering American war correspondent and third wife of Ernest Hemingway, 15 February 1998.

Gale Gordon, 89, actor, Mr. Mooney on The Lucy Show (1962-1968) and Harrison Carter on Here's Lucy (1968-1974), 30 June 1995.

Virginia Graham, 86, substitute host on The Jack Paar Show, and host of Girl Talk (1963-1969) and The Virginia Graham Show (1970-1972), 22 December 1998.

Lewis M. Grizzard Jr., 47, humorist, author, and syndicated columnist, 20 March 1994.

Frederick Hubbard Gwynne, 66, actor, Herman Munster on The Munsters, 2 July 1993.

Alan Hale Jr., 71, actor, the Skipper on Gilligans Island, 2 January 1990.

Mark Harrington, 51, producer of the Evening News with Walter Cronkite, joined NBC in 1996 to help launch MSNBC, a twenty-four-hour news channel, 25 June 1998.

Don Harrison, 61, CNN news anchorman, 2 May 1998.

Phil Hartman, 49, actor and comedian, Saturday Night Live star, and the voice of Troy McClure on The Simpsons, 28 May 1998.

George A. Heinemann, 78, creator of Ding Dong School, Shari Lewis and Lamb Chop, and other children's and educational programs, 21 August 1996.

Shirley Hemphill, 52, actor, the smart-talking waitress Shirley Wilson on the 1970s What's Happening!, 10 December 1999.

William A. Henry III, 44, senior writer and theater critic for Time from 1981 to 1994, won two Pulitzer Prizes while at the Boston Globe, and wrote the 1990 Emmy Award-winning PBS documentary on Bob Fosse, 28 June 1994.

Jim Henson, puppeteer, creator of the Muppets, 16 May 1990.

Ed Herlihy, 89, radio announcer and the voice of Kraft Foods for forty years, 30 January 1999.

John Hollirnan, 49, CNN news correspondent, 12 September 1998.

Jack Rohe Howard, 87, former president and general manager of E. W. Scripps, 22 March 1998.

Anne Schumacher Hummert, 91, creator of the radio soap opera, including Stella Dallas and Mystery Theater, 5 July 1996.

Robert M. Hunt, 69, former president and CEO of the Chicago Tribune, and former publisher and president of the New York Daily News, 27 December 1997.

Wolfman Jack (Robert Weston Smith), 57, disc jockey, 1 July 1995.

Dennis James, 79, television emcee and host of variety and game shows such as The Price is Right and Name That Tune, 3 June 1997.

Graham Jenkins, 80, reporter for Reuters sent to cover Communist China. After being detained by the ruling Nationalists in Shanghai, he was returned to Hong Kong, where he founded The Star, a daily tabloid, in 1965, 3 March 1997.

Bob Kane, 83, cartoonist and creator of Batman, 3 November 1998.

Leonard Katzrnan, 69, executive producer, writer, and director for the TV series Dallas and producer of the Chuck Norris series Walker, Texas Ranger, 2 September 1996.

Brian Keith (Robert Keith Richey Jr.), 75, actor, best known for his portrayal of Uncle Bill on CBS's Family Affair (1966-1971), 24 June 1997.

James L. Knight, 81, cofounder of the Knight newspaper chain, 5 February 1991.

James Komack, 70, actor, writer, TV producer of My Favorite Martian, The Courtship of Eddies Father, Chico and the Man, and Welcome Back, Rotten 24 December 1997.

Charles Kuralt, 62, CBS newsman, best known for his "On the Road" series on CBS News, and host of Sunday Morning, 4 July 1997.

William G. Lambert, 78, investigative journalist, Pulitzer Prize-winner whose 1969 article in Life magazine led to the resignation of U.S. Supreme Court justice Abe Fortas, 8 February 1998.

Michael Landon (Eugene Maurice Orowitz), 54, actor, star of Bonanza, Little House on the Prairie, and Highway to Heaven, 1 July 1991.

Walter Lantz (Walter Lanza), 93, cartoonist and creator of Woody Woodpecker, 22 March 1994.

Frances Lear, 73, former wife of producer Norman Lear, who took her divorce settlement and began a women's magazine called hears. After the magazine folded in 1974, she began Lear Television, which was also geared toward women, 30 September 1996.

Shari Lewis, 64, puppeteer and creator of puppets Lamb Chop, Charlie Horse, and Hush Puppy, host of The Shari Lewis Show, 2 August 1998.

Audra Lindley, 79, actor, Mrs. Roper on Three's Company, 16 October 1997.

Jack Lord (John Joseph Patrick Ryan), 77, actor, Detective Steve McGarrett on the longest-running police show on television, Hawaii Five-0 (1968-1980), 21 January 1998.

Frederick Martin MacMurray, 83, actor, the father on My Three Sons, 5 November 1991.

Bill MacPhail, 76, founder of CNN Sports, 4 September 1996.

Robert Magness, 72, creator of cable television; merged Community Television Inc. and its microwave distribution partnership, Western Microwave Inc., to create Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI), 15 November 1996.

Roy Ketner McDonald, 88, publisher of Chattanooga News-Free Press and chair of Chattanooga Publishing Company, 19 June 1990.

Audrey Meadows, 71, actor, Alice Kramden in the 1950s sitcom The Honeymooners, 3 February 1996.

Tom Mees, 46, ESPN sports anchorman (1979-1993) and play-by-play announcer for the National Hockey League (NHL) on ESPN2, 14 August 1996.

Burgess Meredith, 89, actor, The Penguin on Batman, 9 September 1997.

John Paul "Jay" Monahan III, 42, attorney and legal analyst for NBC News and husband of Today show anchorwoman Katie Couric, 24 January 1998.

Elizabeth Montgomery, 57, actor, starred as Samantha Stevens on 1960s sitcom Bewitched, 18 May 1995.

Clayton Moore (Jack Carlton Moore), 85, actor, The Lone Ranger on TV, 28 December 1999.

Jeffrey A. Moss, 56, helped create such Muppet characters as Cookie Monster and Oscar the Grouch, 25 September 1998.

Jim Murray, 78, sportswriter for the Los Angeles Times, 16 August 1998.

Gary Morton, 74, comic, TV producer, husband of Lucille Ball, 30 March 1999.

Harriet Hilliard Nelson, 85, radio and TV actor, best known as the wife and mother in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which ran on radio and TV from 1944 to 1966, 2 October 1994.

Jeanette Nolan, 86, actor, best known for appearances in TV westerns such as Gunsmoke, The Virginian, and Wagon Train, 5 June 1998.

William Samuel Paley, 89, founder of CBS, 15 November 1990.

Mary Phelan, 37, St. Louis KMOV-TV news anchorwoman, 20 December 1998.

Dana Michelle Plato, 34, actor, child star of Different Strokes, 8 May 1999.

Antonio Prohias, 77, cartoonist for MAD magazine and artist for Spy vs. Spy cartoon strip, 24 February 1998.

Eugene S. Pulliam, 84, publisher of The Indianapolis Star and The Indianapolis News, 20 January 1999.

Gene Rayburn, 81 , game show host for Concentration, Jokers Wild, and The Match Game, 29 November 1999.

Harry Reasoner, 68, journalist, TV news anchorman, correspondent on 60 Minutes, 6 August 1991.

Robert Reed, 59, actor, father on the sitcom The Brady Bunch, 12 May 1992.

Tommy Rettig, 54, actor, the first boy to star alongside Lassie in the TV series debut, 15 February 1996.

William Roberts, 83, creator of The Donna Reed Show, 5 March 1997.

Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry, 70, TV producer and creator of Star Trek, 24 October 1991.

Roswell B. Rogers, 87, Emmy-nominated head writer for Father Knows Best, 6 August 1998.

Roy Rogers, 86, actor, Hollywood cowboy, starred in NBC's The Roy Rogers Show from 1951 to 1957 and The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show on ABC in 1962. He also made more than one hundred feature films, 6 July 1998.

Esther Rolle, 78, actor, created the role of Florida Evans in Maude and then starred in that role in the spin-off Good Times, 17 November 1998.

Cesar Romero, 86, actor, the Joker on Batman, 1 January 1994.

Bob Ross, 52, host of the hit show The Joy of Painting on PBS, 4 July 1995.

Virgil Ross, 88, animator and creator of Bugs Bunny, Sylvester the Cat, Tweety Bird, and Yosemite Sam, 15 May 1996.

Roy Rowan, 78, warm-up man and announcer for I Love Lucy, 10 May 1998.

Mike Royko, 64, columnist for the Chicago Tribune and winner of a 1972 Pulitzer Prize, 29 April 1997.

Harrison Salisbury, 84, former New York Times editor, 5 July 1993.

Dick Sargent, 61, actor who replaced Dick York as Darrin on Bewitched,8 July 1994.

Natalie Schafer, 90, actor, Mrs. Howell on Gilligans Island, 10 April 1991.

Jeffrey Schmalz, 39, New York Times reporter who wrote of his own battle with AIDS, 6 November 1993.

Bess Whitehead Scott, 107, the first woman to hold a hard-news job at the Houston Post, where she began her reporting job in 1915.

Robert J. Shaw, 79, writer for the hit drama series Dallas, wrote the famous "Who Shot J. R." episode, 30 March 1996.

Joe Shuster, 77, cartoonist and co-creator of Superman, 30 July 1992.

Gene Siskel, 53, movie critic for the Chicago Tribune, 20 February 1999.

Richard B. "Red" Skelton, 84, comedian and clown, 17 September 1997.

"Buffalo" Bob Smith, 80, creator and cowboy host of The Howdy Doody Show, 30 July 1998.

Barbara Stanwyck (Ruby Stevens), 83, actor, star of The Big Valley and Dynasty, 20 January 1990.

McLean Stevenson, 66, actor, Lt. Col. Henry Blake on M*A*S*H, 15 February 1996.

Brandon Tartikoff, 48, the youngest executive to run an entertainment division, made NBC the highest rated network for six years in a row, 27 August 1997.

Danny Thomas, 79, star of Make Room for Daddy and The Danny Thomas Show, founder of St. Jude's Children's Hospital, 6 February 1991.

Jack D. Tippit, 71, cartoonist whose work appeared nationally in newspapers, as well as in the New Yorker and Saturday Evening Post, 14 October 1994.

Sylvia Field Truex, 97, actor, Mrs. Wilson on Dennis the Menace, 31 July 1998.

Mark Edward Warren III, 60, director for The Cosby Show, Sanford & Son, Barney Miller, What's Happening!, and Fish, won an Emmy for his work on Rowan and Martins Laugh-In and an NAACP Image Award for best director for his work on The Cosby Show, 11 January 1999.

Lawrence Welk, 89, orchestra conductor, star of The Lawrence Welk Show (1955-1982), 17 May 1992.

Paul West (Paul Hersey), 86, radio and TV writer, one of the CBS writers of the first soap opera, Sally of the Star (1936), 15 June 1998.

David White, 74, actor, Mr. Tate on Bewitched, 27 November 1990.

Clerow "Flip" Wilson, 64, comedian and star of The Flip Wilson Show, the first successful television variety show hosted by an African American, 25 November 1998,

Nancy Jane Woodhull, 52, president of Gannett News Service and a founding editor of USA Today, 1 April 1997.

Alma Kitchell Yoder, 103, the first lady of radio, whose voice was transmitted by the Amateur Radio Corps of America from an experimental station off New York harbor in 1917, sang on the first televised soap opera, and presided over the first television cooking show, 13 November 1996.

Dick York, 63, actor, Darrin on Bewitched, 20 February 1992.

Robert Young, 91, actor, star of Father Knows Best and Marcus Welby, M.D., 21 July 1998.

Michael Zaslow, 54, soap opera actor who appeared on Search for Tomorrow, Love is a Many-Splendored Thing, and One Life to Live, 6 December 1998.

Deaths

Janet Elaine Adkins, 54, Alzheimer's patient, suicide aided by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, 12 June 1990.

Lyle Martin Alzado, 43, professional football player for the Denver Broncos, Cleveland Browns, and Oakland Raiders, who developed brain cancer thought to be caused by steroids taken to build up his body and increase his strength, 14 May 1992.

Arthur Ashe, 49, African American tennis star who acquired AIDS through a blood transfusion in 1983 during a heart surgery, 6 February 1993.

Oscar Auerbach, 92, American pathologist who examined thousands of slides of human lung tissue to document the anatomical link between smoking and lung cancer, 15 January 1997.

Charles P. Bailey, 82, pioneering heart surgeon; first person to repair a hole between the two sides of the heart; preformed first closed mitral valve operation in the United States, 18 August 1992.

Theodore H. Benzinger, 94, inventor of the ear thermometer, 26 October 1999.

Kimberly Ann Bergalis, 23, first patient known to be infected with AIDS by a medical caregiver, in this case by bisexual dentist Dr. David Acer, in Florida, 8 December 1991.

Leroy Edgar Burney, 91, Surgeon General (1956-1961) and first in the office to implicate smoking as a cause for lung cancer; established the National Library of Medicine (1956) and National Center for Health Statistics (1960), 31 July 1998.

Michelle Siarra Carew, 18, from leukemia while awaiting bone marrow transplant; daughter of baseball great Rod Carew, who became an advocate for minority and biracial transplant candidates, 17 April 1996.

John J. Conley, 87, New York otolaryngologist, developed operations for improving the speech of patients who had lost their voice boxes to cancer and for reconstruction of the jawbone after loss of the bone to cancer, 21 September 1999.

Norman Cousins, 78, holistic health pioneer and editor of The Saturday Review (1942-1972), 30 November 1990.

Hugh J. Davis, 69, developer of the Dalkon Shield intrauterine birth-control device, which was recalled in 1984 after eighteen patients using the device died, 23 October 1996.

Charles Dederich Sr., 83, founder of the drug rehabilitation program Synanon, 2 March 1997.

Gertrude Belle Elion, 81, researcher and Nobel Prize winner (1988) who helped develop the first drug to combat leukemia and herpes effectively, and oversaw the development of the and-AIDS drug AZT, 21 February 1999.

Robert H. Finch, 70, former Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1969-1970) under President Richard M. Nixon, 10 October 1995.

Josephine Smith Fox, 92, pioneer in developing swimming therapy for the disabled, 16 September 1999.

Ray Fuller, 60, codeveloper of the antidepressant drug Prozac, 11 August 1996.

Gerald E. Gaull, 66, pediatrician who identified taurine, the amino acid in milk important in brain development, 1 April 1997.

Elizabeth Glaser, 47, AIDS activist, wife of actor Paul Michael Glaser and speaker at the 1992 Democratic National Convention; became HIV positive in 1981 after a blood transfusion following the birth of her child; galvanized the Hollywood anti-AIDS community, 3 December 1994.

Janet Good, 73, aide to Jack Kevorkian, championed the right to die and began the Hemlock Society chapter in Michigan; suffered from pancreatic cancer and appears to have taken her own life, 26 August 1997.

Robert Klark Graham, 90, optical physicist who developed shatterproof plastic eyeglass lenses and established a controversial sperm bank that included donations collected from Nobel Prize winners, 13 February 1997.

Arthur B. Hardy, 78, psychiatrist who pioneered treatment of agoraphobia (fear of going outdoors), 26 October 1991.

Robert G. Heath, 84, found a protein antibody called taraxein in the blood of schizophrenics, providing early evidence that the disease was of biochemical origin, 21 September 1999.

Christy Henrich, 22, world-class gymnast, of multiple organ failure caused by anorexia nervosa; weighed only sixty pounds at the time of her death, 26 July 1994.

Oveta Culp Hobby, 90, first secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (1953-1955), 16 August 1995.

Hamilton Holmes, 54, orthopedic surgeon who in 1961 became one of first African Americans admitted to the University of Georgia, 26 October 1995.

Evelyn Hooker, 89, UCLA psychologist whose research in the 1950s led to the removal of homosexuality as a psychological disorder by the American Psychiatric Association from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 18 November 1996.

Walter Hudson, 46, at 1,400 pounds he was the fattest man in the world in 1987; although he lost 800 pounds, he regained the weight to 1,125 pounds at the time of his death, 24 December 1991.

Charles Brenton Huggins, 95, Canadian-born medical researcher who won the Nobel Prize (1966) for hormone studies leading to the use of drug therapy in cancer, 12 January 1997.

Richard Joseph Hughes, 83, former Governor (1962-1970) and Chief Justice of New Jersey (1973-1981), who had ruled that the parents of Karen Ann Quinlan be allowed to remove her from life support in 1975, upholding the right to refuse medical treatment, 7 December 1992.

James J. Humes, 74, lead pathologist during the autopsy of President John F. Kennedy, 6 May 1999.

Nathaniel Kleitman, 104, physiology professor at the University of Chicago, pioneer sleep expert and codiscoverer of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep in 1953; established sleep research as a separate medical field, 13 August 1999.

Sarah Knauss, 119, the oldest person in the world at the time of her death, in Pennsylvania, 30 December 1999.

Margaret E. "Maggie" Kuhn, 89, crusader against age discrimination and in 1970 one of the founders of the Gray Panthers, 22 April 1995.

Rose Kushner, 60, crusader for women with breast cancer, who worked for obtaining a less-radical surgery for treatment of that disease, 7 January 1990.

Mary Lasker, 93, philanthropist, in 1942 founded the Lasker Foundation with her husband, Albert. The Lasker Awards annually recognize advances in medicine, 21 February 1994.

Morton L. Levin, 91, epidemiologist and one of the first medical researchers to link tobacco and lung cancer (Journal of the American Medical Association, 1950), 7 July 1995.

C. Walton Lillehei, 80, surgical pioneer who performed the first successful open-heart surgery on a five-year-old girl (1952), 5 July 1999.

Jonathan Mann, 51 , founder of the Global Program on AIDS (1986) of the World Health Organization (WHO), and his wife, Mary Lou Clements-Mann, a professor of international health, on the Swiss Air Flight 111 crash, 2 September 1998.

Shirley Ardell Mason, 75, the real-life model for "Sybil," the first well-publicized multiple personality disorder (MPD) patient, 26 February 1999.

Jean Mayer, 72, nutritionist who was a pioneer researcher in the relationship between food and poverty, aging, and obesity; established the first U.S. school of nutrition at Tufts University, 1 January 1993.

Barbara McClintock, 90, geneticist, revolutionized genetic science by showing that heredity can work in dynamic and irregular ways; received the Nobel Prize (1983), 2 September 1992.

Karl A. Menninger, 96, father of American psychiatry and in 1925 cofounder, with his father, C. J,, and brother, Will, of the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas, 18 July 1990.

Anne Sheafe Miller, 90, believed to be the first patient in the United States saved by penicillin (1942), when it was still an experimental drug, 7 June 1999.

Victor Mills, 100, inventor of the disposable diaper, 1 November 1997.

Richard Overholt, 88, chest surgeon and pioneer in U.S. anti-smoking crusade, 16 July 1990.

Linus Carl Pauling, 93, a two-time winner of the Nobel Prize (1954, 1962), advocated vitamin C as a preventive and virtual cure-all, 19 August 1994.

John Peters, 67, supreme medicine man for the Wampanoag Nation who fought for legislation recognizing such Native American customs as the ritual use of peyote, 10 November 1997.

Joseph Quinlan, 71, pioneer of the right-to-die movement, who led a successful legal crusade to allow his daughter Karen Ann Quinlan to "die with dignity" after she slipped into a coma, 7 December 1996.

David Platt Rail, 73, toxicologist, Assistant Surgeon General (1971-1990), and pioneer in the environmental health field; former associate scientific director of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland; and founding director of the National Toxicology Program, 28 September 1999.

Richard "Ricky" Ray, 15, AIDS patient who, along with his two brothers, was barred from school in Arcadia, Florida, after becoming HIV positive during hemophilia treatments, 13 December 1992.

Albert Bruce Sabin, 86, microbiologist, developer of the oral polio vaccine, 3 March 1993.

Jonas Salk, 80, virologist, developed the first polio vaccine in 1955, 23 June 1995.

Harold Glendon Scheie, 80, noted ophthalmologist and founder of the Scheie Eye Institute adjacent to Presbyterian Hospital, Pennsylvania; treated and saved the eye of Lord Louis Mountbatten in the China-Burma-India theater in World War II; in 1964 he retired as a Brigadier General from the U.S. Army, 5 March 1990.

Jeffrey Sehmalz, 39, New York Times reporter who wrote movingly of his fight against AIDS, 6 November 1993.

Florence Barbara Seibert, 93, biochemist who invented the process that made intravenous transfusions safe and refined an accurate skin test for tuberculosis, 23 August 1991.

Elizabeth Sherouse, 26, thought to be the first female prostitute in the United States charged with attempted man-slaughter for risking transmission of AIDS to her clients, 22 January 1990.

John L. Simon, 86, psychiatrist who served as a medic during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and as assistant to the surgeon of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

B. F. (Burrhus Frederic) Skinner, 86, pioneer of behavioral psychology and inventor of the "Skinner Box," 18 August 1990.

George Davis Snell, 92, Nobel Prize-winning biologist whose work on mouse genetics laid the basis for organ transplantation, 6 June 1996.

George Speri Sperti, 91, inventor of Preparation H hemorrhoid treatment and Aspercreme for arthritis relief, 29 April 1991.

Benjamin Spock, 94, revolutionized child care with The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946), which sold almost fifty million copies. He later was a strong antiwar protestor, feeling that this continued his support of the lives of the children he helped rear, 15 March 1998.

Philip Strax, 90, championed early detection of breast cancer and helped lead the sixty-two thousand woman study in 1960 that found that mammography could reduce fatalities, 8 March 1999.

Michael Sveda, 87, researcher who discovered the sugar-substitute cyclamate (1937), 10 August 1999.

Michel M. Ter-Pogossian, 71, scientist who led the team that made the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner into a practical diagnostic tool, 19 June 1996.

Lewis Thomas, 80, scientist and writer of The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher (1974) and The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher (1979), which unlocked the mysteries of life for a broad audience, 3 December 1993.

William B. Walsh, 76, heart specialist, former physician to President Owight D. Eisenhower, founder of Project HOPE (1958); he was the first American physician on the ground to treat victims after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima (6 August 1945) at the end of World War II, 27 December 1996.

Josef Warkany, 90, pediatrician, who in 1940 demonstrated that dietary deficiencies in mothers during pregnancy could cause birth defects, 22 June 1992.

Karen E. Wetterhahn, 48, chemistry professor at Dartmouth College, who studied how toxic metals inhibit DNA repair, from exposure in her lab to a rare mercury compound, 8 June 1997.

Carrie C. (Joyner) White, 116, in Palatka, Florida, the oldest living person in the world at the time of her death, 14 February 1991.

Allan C. Wilson, 56, leading researcher on human evolution and author of theory that all humans descended from one woman in Africa two hundred thousand years ago, 21 July 1991.

Ernst Wynder, 77, co-authored the 1950 landmark study linking cigarettes and lung cancer, 14 July 1999.

Deaths

Marguerite Ross Barnett, 49, first black woman to serve as head of a major U.S. university, 26 February 1992.

Daisy Bates, 84, civil rights leader and former president of the Arkansas chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), who gained national attention when she counteracted the governor's attempt to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School, 4 November 1999.

Terrell H. Bell, 74, top U.S. education official (under three Republican presidents), who commissioned the 1983 report, "A Nation at Risk," which helped draw public attention to declining educational standards, 22 June 1996.

Allan Bloom, 62, professor of political philosophy at the University of Chicago, who gained fame for his 1987 best-selling, yet controversial, book, The Closing of the American Mind, 1 October 1992.

Ernest LeRoy Boyer, 67, former U.S. Commissioner of Education under President Jimmy Carter and president of the Carnegie Foundation, who published several books on education, including Scholarship Reconsidered (1990) and The Basic School (1995), and served as chancellor of the State University of New York, 8 December 1995.

Harvie Branscomb, 103, chancellor of Vanderbilt University, who guided the school to national prominence, 24 July 1998.

Mary Ingraham Bunting-Smith, 87, president of Radcliffe College, who led efforts to allow women to earn Harvard degrees and access to business and graduate courses. She founded the Radcliffe Institute (later renamed the Bunting Institute), and was the first woman to work for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, where she served as commissioner, 21 January 1998.

Mary Steichen Calderone, 94, advocate of sex education in U.S. public schools, who also successfully lobbied the American Medical Association to have it distribute birth control information and prescribe birth control measures. She also coauthored The Family Book About Sexuality (1981) and Talking With Your Child About Sex (1982), 24 October 1998.

James Samuel Coleman, 68, influential sociologist, whose research on the relationship between education and race shaped the debate on school desegregation and busing efforts in the 1960s and 1970s, 25 March 1995.

Donald Norwood Davies, 91, federal judge, who issued landmark decision in 1957 to integrate white and black students in Little Rock, Arkansas, public schools, 18 April 1996.

Paul Engle, 82, writer and poet, who, together with his wife, Chinese novelist Hualing Nieh, founded the international writing program at the University of Iowa in 1967 and developed it into one of the country's most acclaimed programs for creative writers, 22 March 1991.

John King Fairbank, 84, professor, who pioneered the development of modern Chinese studies as an academic discipline, 14 September 1991.

Arthur Sherwood Fleming, 91, former president of Ohio Wesleyan University, the University of Oregon, and Macalester College, served as U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 7 September 1996.

Paul A. Freund, 83, Harvard University professor and leading U.S. constitutional scholar whose writings helped shape policies granting Congress greater authority in matters affecting the national economy, 5 February 1992.

James William Fulbright, 89, Democratic senator from Arkansas prominent in the field of U.S. foreign policy, who introduced legislation that laid the groundwork for the United Nations, whose collected speeches opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War became a bestseller (The Arrogance of Power, 1966), and who founded the government-sponsored international exchange program known as the Fulbright exchange program, 9 February 1995.

Wendall Arthur Garrity, Jr., 79, federal justice, who man-dated busing in Boston in 1974 as a method of desegregating the public schools, 16 September 1999.

Laurence McKinley Gould, 98, former president of Carleton College, who explored Antarctica with Richard E. Byrd and led the United States in an international effort to prevent territorial claims on the continent, 20 June 1995.

John Alfred Hannah, 88, first chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1957-1969 and president of Michigan State University, 1941-1969, during which time the university grew from a small, agricultural school of 6,000 students to a major university of 45,000, 23 February 1991.

Osborne Bennett Hardison Jr., 61, director of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. from 1969 to 1983 and a professor of literature at Georgetown University, 5 August 1990.

Harriet L. Hardy, 87, the first female full professor at Harvard University Medical School, whose specialties included occupational sicknesses and the health threats posed by nuclear energy, 13 October 1993.

Charles Johnston Hitch, 85, former president of the University of California during the turbulent 1960s and 1970s and official in the Department of Defense under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, 11 September 1995.

Samuel Ichiye Hiyakawa, 85, author, college president, and controversial senator, who became a symbol of adult authority during student protests in 1968 when he ripped wires out of a loudspeaker during a demonstration at San Francisco State University where he was acting president, 27 February 1992.

Hamilton Earl Holmes, 54, one of the first two black students at the University of Georgia and later an orthopedic surgeon and faculty member at Emory University, 26 October 1995.

Leanne Katz, 65, free speech advocate, who served as the executive director of the National Coalition Against Censorship since its founding in 1974, working tirelessly against banning books in school libraries, 2 March 1997.

Francis Keppel, 73, U.S. Commissioner of Education, 1962-1966, who played a major role in the development of the National Assessment of Educational Progress, 19 February 1990.

Grayson Louis Kirk, 94, president of Columbia University, who resigned after summoning police to disband student protests in 1968 when hundreds of students and faculty members were injured. During his term in office he had quadrupled the endowment, doubled the university's library holdings, and instigated several new programs, 21 November 1997.

Joseph Kitagawa, 77, Dean of the University of Chicago School of Divinity, who led in the effort to recognize religion as an independent academic discipline in U.S. colleges. He strove to introduce Japanese religions to the West and founded the international journal History of Religions, 7 October 1992.

Christopher Lasch, 61, leftist history professor and author, whose best-known work, The Culture of Narcissism (1978), explored the effect of industrial capitalism on American culture, 14 February 1994.

Max Lerner, 89, journalist, New York Post columnist, and university educator, who campaigned tirelessly for the improvement of educational standards and who drew national attention in the 1950s and early 1960s for his liberal and often controversial stances when he criticized Western culture for espousing a "fear of ideas," 5 June 1992.

Robert Quarles Marston, 76, president of the University of Florida when it became one of the ten largest schools in the United States and who also served as director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), but was dismissed in a dispute with the Nixon administration over the distribution of NIH resources, 14 March 1999.

Earl James McGrath, 90, head of the federal Office of Education under Presidents Harry S Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, who resigned in protest from his post as Commissioner of Education over federal education budget cuts, 14 January 1993.

Virginia McMartin, 88, founder of a preschool, who was accused (though not convicted) in a famous child molestation case along with members of her family in the 1980s, 17 December 1995.

James Bryan McMillan, 78, judge who helped establish a national standard for school desegregation in the United States with a 1969 decision that ordered extensive busing in Charlotte, North Carolina, 4 March 1995.

Carl J. Megel, 92, past president and former lobbyist of the American Federation of Teachers, 18 September 1992.

James M. Nabrit Jr., 97, president of Howard University in the 1960s, who was also involved in many major civil rights cases including the 1954 Boiling v. Sharpe, which helped bring about the desegregation of public schools in Washington, D.C., 27 December 1997.

Walter Ridley, 86, the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from a southern university, who served as president of Elizabeth City College as well as president of the American Teachers Association, 26 September 1996.

John Pearson Roche, 70, professor of political science, adviser to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, speechwriter for Hubert Humphrey, and syndicated columnist of liberal political viewpoints in "A Word Edgewise," 6 May 1994.

Frank Anthony Rose, 70, president of the University of Alabama, 1958-1969, who helped mediate between Alabama Governor George Wallace (a staunch opponent of desegregation) and the federal government in 1963, when the university admitted its first black students, 1 February 1991.

Abram Leon Sachar, 94, chancellor and founding president of Brandeis University, 24 July 1993.

Terry Sanford, 80, former president of Duke University, who also served as governor and U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina, 18 April 1998.

Mario Savio, 53, mathematics and philosophy teacher at Sonoma State University, who gained fame as a student protest leader in the Free Speech Movement at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s, including the historic 1964 sit-in, 6 November 1996.

Reverend Joseph A. Sellinger, 72, president of Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland, who transformed it from a small commuter school into one of the country's leading Jesuit colleges, 19 April 1993.

Albert Shanker, 68, president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997, 22 February 1997.

Howard Robert Swearer, 59, president of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, 1977-1988, who was credited with resolving financial and student dissatisfaction issues and renewing Brown's reputation as a major international university, 19 October 1991.

Norman H. Topping, 89, viral researcher and university leader, who in the 1930s developed a typhus vaccine for Allied soldiers in World War II, and who went on to become president and then chancellor of the University of Southern California and is credited with turning the school into a major research institution, 18 November 1997.

William Appleman Williams, 68, historian, who was the author of several revisionist books that challenged traditional interpretations of American history and was often called the founder of the "New Left" school, 5 March 1990.

Deaths

Herbert L. Beckwith, 94, architect, helped design eleven buildings on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he introduced modern architecture and worked as a professor, 3 June 1997.

Pietro Belluschi, 94, modernist architect, designed the glass and aluminum Commonwealth Building in Portland, Oregon (1947), which is considered the first glass curtain-wall structure in the United States; a former dean at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture and Planning; and recipient of the 1972 AIA Gold Medal, 14 February 1994.

Samuel Brody, 66, designer, partner in Davis, Brody, Chermayeff, Geismar, deHarak Associates; one of the leaders of the team that designed the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan, 28 July 1992.

Gordon Miller Buehrig, 85, legendary automobile designer; helped design the Duesenberg Model J and Auburn Boattail Speedster in the 1920s and 1930s; in 1935 designed the Cord, which featured front-wheel drive and flip-top headlights; patented the T-top roof, 22 January 1990.

Gordon Bunshaft, 81, modernist architect; created landmark skyscrapers, museums, and libraries such as the Lever House in New York (1952), the Pepsi Cola Building (1960), and the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington (1974); won the Pritzker Prize in 1988 and was recognized for establishing the international style as the choice for corporate American architecture, 6 August 1990.

Joseph Esherick, 83, architect, designed some of the first Sea Ranch houses, designed the Cannery in San Francisco (1969) and the Monterey Aquarium (1980), taught for decades at the University of California at Berkeley, and won the AIA Gold Medal in 1989, 17 December 1998.

Roger Ferri, 42, architect, known for his theories integrating nature into buildings, 21 November 1991.

Lisa Fonssagrives-Penn, 80, Swedish-born fashion model in the 1940s and 1950s who posed for some of the most famous photographers of the age, including Irving Penn, whom she married in 1950, 4 February 1996.

Abraham W. Geller, 83, architect, designed office buildings and city projects, defended of social mission of modernism, 14 August 1995.

Bertrand Goldberg, 84, architect, in the early 1960s designed a pair of cylindrical apartment towers known as Marina City in Chicago, 8 October 1997.

Myron Goldsmith, 77, architect and engineer, designed the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope facility at Kitt Peak in Arizona (1962), 15 July 1996.

John Graham, 82, architect, helped design the six-hundred-foot Space Needle in Seattle for the 1962 World's Fair, 29 January 1991.

Halston (Roy Halston Frowick), 57, designer, personified American fashions in the 1970s; dressed stars such as Candice Bergen, Liza Minnelli, and Elizabeth Taylor, as well as first ladies Jacqueline Kennedy and Betty Ford; also credited with introducing women to the pillbox hat, slinky jerseys, tunics, and ultrasuede, 26 March 1990.

Margot Byra "Margaux" Hemingway, 41, model and actress, granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway, 28 June 1996.

Arthur Cort Holden, 103, architect, principal in several firms during his lifetime; focused on housing and house financing, 18 December 1993.

Franklin D. Israel, 50, architect, used bold, colorful designs to embody the vibrancy of Hollywood, 10 June 1996.

A. Edwin Kendrew, 90, architect, former vice president of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, involved in restoring the historic site since 1926, 22 August 1993.

William J. Levitt, 86, contractor, changed the American landscape with his moderate-costing suburban housing developments known as Levittown, the first of which was built in 1947 on Long Island, New York; within four years, Levittown had 17,000 identical eight-hundred-square-foot, two-bedroom homes, 28 January 1994.

Jean Louis, 89, Oscar-winning designer, his fluid fashions were worn by Hollywood stars; designed the form-fitting, flesh-colored sequined gown worn by Marilyn Monroe when she sang "Happy Birthday" to President John F. Kennedy, 20 April 1997.

Charles Luckman, 89, architect and industrialist, his firm designed Madison Square Garden (1968); helped create the Prudential Center in Boston, Cape Canaveral Space Center in Florida, Johnson Space Center in Houston, Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, and the Lever House in New York, 25 January 1999.

Vera Maxwell, 93, sportswear designer, created the cotton jumpsuits for women working during World World II, and in 1974 designed the "Speed Suit" that, with no zippers or buttons, could be pulled on by busy women in seconds, 15 January 1995.

Charles Willard Moore, 68, architect, recipient of the AIA Gold Medal in 1991, 16 December 1993.

Lewis Mumford, 94, architectural critic, his articles appeared in The New Yorker and Architectural Record, author of The Culture of Cities (1938), 26 January 1990.

George Nakashima, 85, architect and master woodworker, called a "living national treasure" by the American Crafts Museum in New York, 15 June 1990.

Mollie Parnis (Livingston), 90ish, fashion designer, her dresses were worn by first ladies Mamie Eisenhower and Betty Ford, built a multimillion-dollar fashion business with her husband Leon Livingston, 18 July 1992.

Jay Pritzker, 76, architect and hotelier, founded the Hyatt chain, in 1979 established the Pritzker Architecture Prize (considered the most prestigious honor in the field), 23 January 1999.

Paul Marvin Rudolph, 78, architect, proponent of modernist architecture whose style was severe, monumental, and concrete; works included the Art and Architecture Building at Yale University, where he served as chairman of the architecture department, 8 August 1997.

Adele Simpson, 91, fashion designer, her popularity spanned more than three decades, from the late 1940s through the 1970s; her ladylike pieces were worn by first ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, and Barbara Bush, as well as many Hollywood stars, 23 August 1995.

Brooks Stevens, 83, industrial designer, designed stream-lined Studebakers, Harley-Davidsons, Evinrude out-board motors, and lawn mowers; also designed the fiberglass "Wienermobile" used by Oscar-Mayer to promote its hotdogs, 4 January 1995.

Ted Tingling, 79, British-born sportswear designer whose brightly colored dresses shocked the usually staid world of tennis; his designs were worn by top tennis players such as Billie Jean King, Rosie Casals, and Virginia Wade, 23 May 1990.

William Turnbull Jr., 62, architect, helped define the Northern California style through his buildings, which were often simple wooden structures; was best known for his Sea Ranch condominium project (1964), 26 June 1997.

Gianni Versace, 50, Italian designer who brought sex and glamour to his designs; counted Diana, Princess of Wales, Elizabeth Hurley, and Madonna among his clients, 15 July 1997.

Harry Mohr Weese, 83, Chicago architect who designed the Washington (D.C.) Area Mass Transit Authority subway system (1977), as well as the Time-Life Building in Chicago (1968), 29 October 1998.

Deaths

Paul Abels, former pastor of Washington Square United Methodist Church in New York (1973-1984); gay-rights activist, 12 March 1992.

Ralph David Abernathy, 64, civil-rights activist and cofounder of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 17 April 1990.

John Maury Allin, 76, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church, who oversaw revisions to the Book of Common Prayer and the 1976 decision to ordain women to the priesthood, 6 March 1998.

James Barbour Ashbrook, 73, nominated for the Templeton Prize in Religion and Science for co-authorship of The Humanizing Brain: Where Religion and Neuroscience Meet (1997); researcher on the correlation between the brain and religion, 2 January 1999.

Joseph Cardinal Bernadin, 68, Archbishop of Cincinnati (1927-1982); Archbishop of Chicago (1982-1996), 14 November 1996.

Cassie Bernall, 17, student, killed during the Columbine High School shooting, allegedly for professing her faith in God, 20 April 1999.

Raymond E. Brown, 70, Roman Catholic priest and New Testament scholar, best known for his work on the Gospel of John, who taught at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, 8 August 1998.

Charles Earl Cobb, 82, first executive director of the Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ and cofounder of the National Conference of Black Christians, 27 December 1998.

Sholom D. Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, 18 May 1991.

A. Roy Eckert, 79, United Methodist minister and special consultant to the President's Commission on the Holocaust; spoke out against anti-Semitism in Christian teaching, 5 May 1998.

Milton B. Engebretson, 75, sixth president of The Evangelical Covenant Church; former president of the International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches; and former convening chairman of the U.S. Church Leaders, 10 December 1996.

Joseph Fletcher, 86, Episcopal priest and scholar of biomedical ethics; as an advocate of "situation ethics," he argued that ethical decisions should be based on principles, not laws, 28 October 1991.

John Garcia Gensel (Juan Garcia Velez), 80, pastor to a jazz community out of St. Peter's Lutheran Church in New York City and subject of Duke Ellington's "The Shepherd (Who Watches Over the Night Flock)" (1968), 6 February 1998.

Rachel Henderlite, 86, theologian and professor, first woman ordained by the Presbyterian Church, USA (1965), 6 November 1991.

Howard W. Hunter, 87, fourteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), 30 March 1995.

Blahoslav Hruby, 78, executive director of Research Center for Religion and Human Rights in Closed Societies, 22 October 1990.

Maude Keister Jensen, 94, the first woman to receive full clergy rights as a Methodist pastor (1956), 12 October 1998.

Bob Jones Jr., 86, chairman of Bob Jones University in Greenville, S.C., 12 November 1997.

Meir (Martin David) Kahane, 58, rabbi and founder of a radical Zionist movement, 5 November 1990.

Thomas Kilgore Jr., 84, first black president of the American Baptist Convention; leader of the Progressive National Baptist Convention (1976-1978); and advocate for racial justice, 4 February 1998.

Harold Lindsell, 84, former editor of Christianity Today (1968-1978), 15 January 1998.

Maurice F. McCracken, 92, pastor, peace advocate, and pacifist who went to jail for not paying taxes, was unfrocked and later reinstated by Cincinnati Presbytery.

Marshall T. Meyer, rabbi, founder of the progressive Jewish journal Tikkun, 29 December 1993.

Dwight L. "Dale" Moody, Southern Baptist theologian, and preacher; former member of the World Council of Churches' Faith and Order Commission, 22 January 1992.

Wayne E. Oates, 89, pioneer in pastoral care; one of the first scholars to advocate using principles of psychiatry and psychology in ministry; professor at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and University of Louisville School of Medicine, 21 October 1999.

Madalyn Murray O'Hair, 76, atheist and outspoken opponent of public religion; disappeared in August 1995 with her two adult children, Jon Garth Murray and Robin Murray —all three were believed to have been murdered.

Norman Vincent Peale, 95, preacher and author of The Power of Positive Thinking (1952), 24 December 1993.

Marvin Pope, 80, scholar, writer, and professor of Near Eastern languages and civilization at Yale University, 15 June 1997.

Samuel DeWitt Proctor, 75, preacher, teacher, administrator in the National Council of Churches and Peace Corps; president of Virginia Union University, 22 May 1997.

Bruce Ritter, 72, Catholic priest; founder in 1969 of Covenant House, a Manhattan refuge for runaway children and teens, from which he resigned in February 1990 amidst charges of sexual misconduct, 7 October 1999.

Menachem Mendel Schneerson, 92, rebbe, seventh leader of the Chabad Lubavich movement within Orthodox Judaism; thought by some of his followers to be the messiah, 12 June 1994.

Betty Shabazz, 61, college administrator and professor, wife of Malcolm X, 23 June 1997.

Ira Silverman, first director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Planning and Research, former president of the Reconstructionalist Rabbinical College, 23 June 1991.

Glenn Smiley, associate of Martin Luther King Jr. during the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1956), 14 September 1993.

Joseph Dov Ber Soloveitchik, 90, rabbi, writer, and influential leader of mainstream American Orthodox Judaism, 8 April 1993.

Harry C. Spencer, 91, chair of the Broadcasting and Film Commission, National Council of Churches (1952-1973); recipient of the 1973 Award of Excellence in the Arts of Communication by the School of Theology at Claremont, California; and president of the First Assembly of the World Association of Christian Communication in Nairobi, Kenya (1968), 18 December 1996.

Timothy J. Tester, first American Buddhist monk to complete a Three-Steps-One-Bow Pilgrimage, 15 December 1998.

Nelson W. Trout, 75, pastor and professor; first African American Lutheran bishop (1983), 20 September 1996.

David Elton Trueblood, 94, Quaker theologian and author, 20 September 1996.

Deena Marie Umbarger, 35, American aid worker with the United Methodist Committee on Relief, who was shot and killed along the Kenya-Somalia border, possibly by Islamic fundamentalists, 20 March 1999.

Paul Matthews Van Buren, 74, theologian, associated with the "Death of God" school of theology (1960s)—though he rejected the term, 18 June 1998.

John Wimber, 63, founder of the Charismatic Association of Vineyard Churches, 17 November 1997.

Deaths

Ralph David Abernathy, 64, reverend, civilrights activist, and chief aide to Martin Luther King Jr., 17 April 1990.

Cleveland Amory, 81, author of Who Killed Society (1960) and The Cat Who Came For Christmas (1988) and animal-rights activist who founded the Fund for Animals, 14 October 1998.

Erma Bombeck, 69, humorist and author whose experiences as wife and mother provided subjects for a syndicated column and six books, 22 April 1996.

Leo F. Buscaglia, 74, writer and lecturer who promoted the power of love as a healing force, known as the "Hug Doctor," 12 June 1998.

Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture), 57, civilrights activist and revolutionary, 15 November 1998.

Carlos Castaneda, 72, author of ten books detailing his experiences with mysticism and psychedelic drugs during the 1960s, 27 April 1998.

Eldridge Cleaver, 62, Black Power advocate, author of Soul on Ice (1968), and leading member of the Black Panthers, 2 May 1998.

Henry Steele Commager, 95, U.S. historian, 2 March 1998.

Walter E. Diemer, 93, inventor of bubble gum, 8 January 1998.

Judith Campbell Exner, 65, alleged mistress of John F. Kennedy, 24 September 1999.

James Farmer, 79, civilrights activist and cofounder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 9 July 1999.

M. F. K. Fisher, 83, writer whose work often used food as a cultural metaphor, 22 June 1992.

Eugene Fodor, 85, producer of travel guides used for more than half a century by American tourists, 18 February 1991.

Malcolm S. Forbes Sr., 70, publisher, flamboyant millionaire, father of presidential hopeful Malcolm S. "Steve" Forbes Jr., 24 February 1990.

Barry M. Goldwater, 89, longtime Arizona senator, presidential candidate in 1964, leading figure in American conservative movement that emerged following World War II, 29 May 1998.

John L. Goldwater, 83, creator of the Archie comics, 26 February 1999.

Charles Goren, 90, world expert on contract bridge, 3 April 1991.

Mary Elizabeth "Meg" Greenfield, 68, journalist, editor of the editorial page of the Washington Post, 13 May 1999.

Armand Hammer, 92, noted philanthropist and art collector, who actively promoted peace between the United States and the Soviet Union, 10 December 1990.

Bob Kane, 83, creator of the Batman comic strip, 3 November 1998.

Alfred Kazin, 83, literary critic, memorist, and teacher, 5 June 1998.

Michael Kennedy, 39, son of Robert F. Kennedy, 31 December 1997.

Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, 104, matriarch of the Kennedy family, 22 January 1995.

Lane Kirkland, 77, labor leader and former president of the AFL-CIO, 14 August 1999.

Edwin Herbert Land, 81, inventor of the Polaroid Land Instant Camera, 3 March 1991.

Timothy Leary, 75, clinical psychologist at Harvard who in the 1960s introduced Americans to LSD, 31 May 1996.

William J. Levitt, 86, Long Island, N.Y., developer who built "Levittown," a prototype of the American suburb, after World War II, 22 January 1994.

J. Gordon Lippincott, 89, designer and engineer who created some of the most recognized corporate logos, such as those for Coca-Cola, Campbell Soups, and Betty Crocker, 29 April 1998.

Paul Mellon, 91, philanthropist and banker, 1 February 1999.

Willie Morris, 64, journalist, 2 August 1999.

Jeffrey A. Moss, 56, writer and creator of the Sesame Street characters Cookie Monster and Oscar the Grouch, and composer of the well-known song "Rubber Duckie," 24 September 1998.

Lewis Mumford, 94, city planner, author, cultural and political commentator, 26 June 1990.

Arthur Murray, 95, world-renowned teacher of ballroom dancing, 3 March 1991.

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, 64, widow of President John F. Kennedy and Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, book editor, 19 May 1994.

Vance Packard, 82, journalist and social critic who warned against advertizing excesses and social climbing, 12 December 1996.

Laurence J. Peter, 70, author who satirized corporate climbers and coined the phrase the "Peter Principle," 12 February 1990.

Roger Tory Peterson, 87, ornithologist, author of A Field Guide To the Birds (1934), the bible for bird watchers, 20 July 1996.

Sylvia F. Porter, 72, author and columnist who interpreted the world of business and finance for many American readers, 5 June 1991.

Charles "Bebe" Rebozo, 85, wealthy businessman whose claim to fame lay in his close friendship with former president Richard M. Nixon, 8 May 1998.

James W. Rouse, 81, developer who created new towns in countrysides, shopping malls, and "festival" places such as Faneuil Hall in Boston, 9 April 1996.

Johnny Roventini, 86, icon for the popular ad "Call for Philip Morris," heard on radio and television, 30 November 1998.

Waldo L. Semon, 100, inventor of vinyl in 1928, 26 May 1999.

Betty Shabazz, 61, educator, civilrights activist, widow of black nationalist Malcolm X, 23 June 1997.

B. F. (Burrhus Frederic) Skinner, 85, leading American psychologist who advocated behavior modification according to scientific principles, 8 August 1990.

Benjamin Spock, 94, pediatrician whose book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946) sold fifty million copies through seven editions, 15 March 1998.

Sam Moore Walton, 74, founder of Wal-Mart Department Stores, 4 April 1992.

Thomas J. Watson Jr., 79, chairman of IBM, brought the company and nation into the computer age, 31 December 1993.

William H. Whyte, 81, wrote about the American urban scene, author of The Organization Man (1956), 12 January 1999.

Evelyn Wood, 86, founder of the Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics Institute, which promoted her method of speed-reading, 26 August 1995.

Deaths

Carl Ally, 74, advertising executive whose aggressive style included naming rival companies in ads, 15 February 1999.

R. Stanton Avery, 90, businessman and inventor of the self-adhesive label that bear his name, 12 December 1997.

César Estrada Chavez, 66, labor activist, founder of the United Farmworkers of America, 23 April 1993.

Jack Kent Cooke, 84, owner of newspapers, sports teams, and television stations, 6 April 1997.

Max Factor Jr. , 91, cosmetics mogul and inventor of the smudge-proof lipstick and waterproof mascara, 7 June 1996.

Avery Fisher, 87, founder of electronics company and philanthropist, 26 February 1994.

Julio R. Gallo, 83, cofounder and president of E & J Gallo Winery, one of the largest wineries in the world, 2 May 1993.

Harold Sydney Geneen, 87, British-born U.S. businessman who transformed ITT from a small company into an international conglomerate, 21 November 1997.

Thomas W. Gleason, 92, labor union officiai, former president of the International Longshoreman's Association, 24 December 1992.

Robert Klark Graham, 90, developer of plastic shatterproof eyeglasses, 13 February 1997.

Harry Brakmann Helmsley, 87, self-made New York real-estate billionaire, 4 January 1997.

Jay Lovestone, 91, controversial labor figure in the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 7 March 1990.

Daniel Keith Ludwig, 95, American shipowner and real-estate tycoon, for years listed as one of the richest men in the world, 27 August 1992.

William G. McGowan, 64, chairman of MCI, which challenged rival AT&T's monopoly as a long-distance service provider, 8 June 1992.

David Packard, 83, cofounder of Hewlett-Packard Company, 26 March 1996.

Lawrence Johnston Peter, 70, author who satirized corporate life and coined the phrase "Peter Principle," 12 January 1990.

Charles G. "Bebe" Rebozo, 85, Florida banker and controversial friend to former president Richard M. Nixon, 8 May 1998.

Jheri (Robert) Redding, 90, founder of a hair-care empire, inventor of creme rinse, pH-balanced shampoo, and the perm product Jheri-Curl, 15 March 1998.

Steven J. Ross, 65, CEO who oversaw the merger that produced Time Warner Inc., 20 December 1992.

Robert W. Sarnoff, 78, former Radio Corporation of America (RCA) chairman and president of National Broadcasting Company (NBC), responsible for turning RCA into a conglomerate through the acquisition of other unrelated businesses, 22 February 1997.

Norton Simon, 86, California industrialist, art collector, and outspoken public figure, 2 June 1993.

Maurice Hubert Stans, 90, businessman who served in the Eisenhower and Nixon administrations and was found guilty of minor violations relating to the 1972 Nixon reelection campaign, 14 April 1998.

William S. Vickrey, 82, economist and winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize for economics, 10 October 1996.

Sam Moore Walton, 74, billionaire and founder of Wal-Mart retail stores, 5 April 1992.

An Wang, 70, founder of Wang Laboratories, creator of early prototype of the microchip, 24 March 1990.

Thomas John Watson Jr., 79, IBM president credited with leading company into the computer era, former ambassador to the U.S.S.R. (1979-1981), 31 December 1993.

Frank G. Wells, 62, president of the Walt Disney Company, 3 April 1994.

Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, 93, cofounder of Pan American Airways, movie producer, 13 December 1992.

Deaths

Harry Andrew Blackmun, 90, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1970-1994) who wrote the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade (1973), 4 March 1999.

Nils Andreas Boe, 78, judge, U.S. Court of International Trade and former governor of South Dakota, 30 July 1992.

William Joseph Brennan Jr., 91, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1956-1990), 24 July 1997.

Vincent L. Broderick, 74, judge, U.S. District Court of the Southern District of New York, 3 March 1995.

Vincent J. Browne, 80, civilrights scholar at Howard University, 27 August 1997.

Warren Earl Burger, 88, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1969-1986) who wrote the decision in United States v. Richard Nixon (1974) establishing that claims of executive privilege do not shield presidents from judicial subpoenas, leading to the release of Nixon's tapes and ultimately to his resignation from the presidency, 25 June 1995.

Thomas Emmet Claire, judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 24 September 1997.

Franklin T. Dupree, judge, U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of North Carolina, 17 December 1995.

Erika S. Fairchild, criminal-justice scholar at North Carolina State University, 25 November 1992.

Vincent W. Foster Jr., 48, lawyer, Deputy White House counsel to President Bill Clinton and former law partner of Hillary Rodham Clinton, 20 July 1993.

Ralph M. Freeman, 87, judge, U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan, 29 March 1990.

Arthur Joseph Goldberg, 81, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1962-1965), 19 January 1990.

Charles M. Hardin, 88, constitutional scholar at the University of California, Davis, 28 June 1997.

John R. Hargrove, judge, U.S. District Court of the State of Maryland, 1 April 1997.

Walter Edward Hoffman, 89, judge, U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Virginia, 21 November 1996.

Frederick Landis, senior judge, U.S. Court of International Trade, 1 March 1990.

Lawrence T. Lydick, 79, judge, U.S. District Court of the Central District of California, 17 December 1995.

J. Daniel Mahoney, 65, judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 23 October 1996.

Thurgood Marshall, 82, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1967-1991) who in 1954, as chief counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), argued Brown v. Board of Education before the Supreme Court, 24 January 1993.

William Hughes Mulligan, 78, judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 13 May 1996.

Helen Wilson Nies, 71, judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 7 August 1996.

James E. Noland, 72, judge, U.S. District Court of the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division, 12 August 1992.

James Earl Ray, 70, assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. (4 April 1968), 23 April 1998.

Donald Russell, judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 22 February 1998.

John Lewis Smith, judge, U.S. District Court of the District of Columbia, 4 September 1992.

Roszel C. Thomsen, judge, U.S. District Court of the State of Maryland, 11 March 1992.

William H. Timbers, judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 26 November 1994.

Deaths

J. Franklin Hyde, 96, chemist, inventor of silicone—the stuff of breast implants—and other silicon compounds, 11 October 1999.

Henry W. Kendall, 72, physicist, cofounder of the Union of Concerned Scientists, winner of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1990, and professor of physics at MIT, 14 February 1999.

Joseph C. R. Licklider, 75, psychologist, Internet visionary, and advocate of computer science programs; as Director of the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Pentagon he established the intellectual framework from which the Internet would develop, 7 August 1990.

Linus Carl Pauling, 93, chemist, the only man in the world to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes, one in chemistry (1954) and one for peace (1962). Also considered the champion of Vitamin C and its curative powers, 19 August 1994.

Carl Edward Sagan, 62, astronomer and author, whose lifelong passion was searching for intelligent life in the cosmos, 20 December 1996.

Jonas Salk, 80, virologist, using killed virus discovered a vaccine for polio in the 1950s, 23 June 1995.

Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr., 74, astronaut, the first American in space and one of only twelve men to walk on the moon, 21 July 1998.

Eugene Shoemaker, 69, astronomer, helped to discover the giant Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet that slammed into the planet Jupiter in 1994, 18 July 1997.