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DPN

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Chemistry: Foundations and Applications | 2004 | | Copyright

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the coenzyme form of the vitamin niacin. Most biochemical reactions require protein catalysts (enzymes). Some enzymes, lysozyme or trypsin, for example, catalyze reactions by themselves, but many require helper substances such as coenzymes, metal ions, and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Niacin is a component of two coenzymes: NAD, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD+ (the oxidized form of the NAD coenzyme) is important in catabolism and in the production of metabolic energy. NADP+ (the oxidized form of NADP) is important in the biosynthesis of fats and sugars.

Hans von Euler is generally recognized as the first to establish the chemical structure of NAD (Metzler, p. 468). Von Euler and Arthur Harden shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery of coenzymes (including NAD). Later von Euler showed that NAD contains two units of the sugar ribose, two phosphate groups, one adenine unit, and

one nicotinamide unit (derived from niacin). (See Figure 1a.) The adenine, ribose, and phosphate compounds are linked exactly as in the nucleotide molecule adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In the case of NAD+, the nicotinamide ring has a positive charge on its nitrogen atom: This is the + indicated in the designation NAD+. This is often confusing, because the molecule as a whole is negatively charged due to the presence of the phosphate groups, as shown in the figure. In 1934 Otto Warburg and William Christian discovered a variant of NAD+ in human red blood cell extracts (Metzler, p. 466). This form, called NADP+, contains a third phosphate group attached to one of the ribose rings (see Figure 1b).

NAD+ and NADP+ play an essential role in many biochemical reactions, especially redox reactions in which oxidoreductase enzymes transfer hydrogen. (See Table 1 for a partial list of enzymes that require NAD+ and NADP+.) The redox reaction shown in Figure 2 is catalyzed by the oxidoreductase enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. In this reaction, two hydrogen atoms and two electrons (the two electrons of the C-H bond) are removed from the ethanol molecule. One hydrogen atom and both electrons, shown in red, are transferred to NAD+, generating NADH. (A molecule's acquisition of electrons is called reduction, thus NADH is the reduced form of NAD+. Conversely, NAD+ is the oxidized form, the form with fewer electrons.) NADP+ can be reduced to NADPH, just as NAD+ can be reduced to NADH, although different enzymes will be involved. Enzymes that use NAD+ rarely use NADP+ and vice versa, making it possible to separate the

ENZYMES THAT REQUIRE NAD AND NADP
Enzyme Function
Enzymes that use NAD+/NADH Alcohol dehydrogenase Metabolizes alcohol
Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase Catalyzes important step in glycolysis
Lactate dehydrogenase Catalyzes reactions in muscle and liver cells
Pyruvate dehydrogenase Catalyzes reactions connecting glycolysis to the Krebs cycle
α -keto-glutarate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase Catalyzes reactions in the Krebs cycle, aerobic metabolism
NADH dehydrogenase Catalyzes oxidative phosphorylation reactions
Hydroxy-acyl-SCoA dehydrogenase Important in fat catabolism
Enzymes that use NADP+/NADPH Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Catalyzes reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway
β -ketoacyl-ACP reductase β -enoyl-ACP reductase Catalyzes reactions in fatty acid synthesis
Chloroplast glyceraldehyde Phosphate dehydrogenase Catalyzes reactions in the Calvin cycle, glucose synthesis

biosynthetic and energy-producing functions of NADP+ and NAD+. NAD+ and NADP+ act as electron acceptors in oxidoreductase catalyzed reactions; NADH and NADPH act as electron donors.

The transfer of hydrogen to NAD+ is stereospecific , and dehydrogenases are now classified as HA side or HB side enzymes, according to the "side" of the NAD molecule they act on. Alcohol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the reaction shown in Figure 2, is an HA side enzyme, as it promotes the transfer of hydrogen from ethanol to the "A position" of NADH. This specificity was somewhat unexpected, as the flat nicotinamide group can be approached (by a dehydrogenase enzyme) equally well from either side in solution, when NAD+ is bound to the enzyme; however, one side or the other of NAD is more approachable and therefore preferred.

Both NADH and NADPH have a distinctive signal in ultraviolet spectroscopy . This signal is lost when NADH or NADPH is oxidized (to NAD+ or NADP+). This phenomenon has been employed by thousands of scientists to monitor a wide variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

see also Coenzyme; Enzymes; Nicotinamide.

David Speckhard

Bibliography

Magill, Frank (1991). The Nobel Prize Winners: Physiology or Medicine, Vol. 1. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.

Metzler, David E. (1977). Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells. New York: Academic Press.
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Speckhard, David. "Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide." Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A Dictionary of Plant Sciences | 1998 | | Copyright

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; diphosphopyridine nucleotide, DPN) A derivative of the vitamin nicotinic acid, which functions as a coenzyme for various dehydrogenase enzymes involved in cellular respiration. It acts as an electron carrier in respiratory chain phosphorylation.
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MICHAEL ALLABY. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL ALLABY. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-nicotinamideadeninedncltd.html

MICHAEL ALLABY. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-nicotinamideadeninedncltd.html

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A Dictionary of Zoology | 1999 | | Copyright

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD, diphosphopyridine nucleotide, DPN) A derivative of the vitamin nicotinic acid, which functions as a coenzyme for various dehydrogenase enzymes involved in cellular respiration. It acts as an electron carrier in respiratory-chain phosphorylation.
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MICHAEL ALLABY. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Zoology. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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DPN

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

DPN in biochemistry, abbreviation for diphosphopyridine nucleotide, a coenzyme now usually called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD.

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: see coenzyme .

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DPN

A Dictionary of Plant Sciences | 1998 | | Copyright

DPN (diphosphopyridine nucleotide) See NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.
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DPN

A Dictionary of Zoology | 1999 | | Copyright

DPN (diphosphopyridine nucleotide) See NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition | 2005 | | Copyright

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) See NAD.
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DAVID A. BENDER. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

DAVID A. BENDER. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O39-nicotinamideadeninedncltd.html

DAVID A. BENDER. "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O39-nicotinamideadeninedncltd.html

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A Dictionary of Biology | 2004 | Copyright

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide See NAD.
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DPN

The Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations | 1998 | | Copyright

DPN Biochem. diphosphopyridine nucleotide (now called NAD)
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FRAN ALEXANDER , PETER BLAIR , JOHN DAINTITH , ALICE GRANDISON , VALERIE ILLINGWORTH , ELIZABETH MARTIN , ANNE STIBBS , JUDY PEARSALL , and SARA TULLOCH. "DPN." The Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

FRAN ALEXANDER , PETER BLAIR , JOHN DAINTITH , ALICE GRANDISON , VALERIE ILLINGWORTH , ELIZABETH MARTIN , ANNE STIBBS , JUDY PEARSALL , and SARA TULLOCH. "DPN." The Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O25-DPN.html

FRAN ALEXANDER , PETER BLAIR , JOHN DAINTITH , ALICE GRANDISON , VALERIE ILLINGWORTH , ELIZABETH MARTIN , ANNE STIBBS , JUDY PEARSALL , and SARA TULLOCH. "DPN." The Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations. 1998. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O25-DPN.html

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