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Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
HAY–BUNAU-VARILLA TREATYHAY–BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY was signed on 18 November 1903 by Secretary of State John M. Hay and Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a French canal investor who had helped organize the Panamanian revolt against Colombia and acted as the new ruling junta's envoy to Washington. The treaty provided that the United States guarantee the independence of Panama, while receiving in perpetuity a ten-mile-wide strip of territory for the construction of a canal. The United States was made fully sovereign over this zone and retained the right to intervene elsewhere in Panama as necessary to keep order. In return, the United States agreed to pay Panama $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 from canal revenues. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty on 23 February 1904. Because of U.S. support for Panamanian secession, relations with Colombia remained fragile until Washington paid that country $25 million in restitution, or "canalimony," under the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty of 1921. BIBLIOGRAPHYLaFeber, Walter. The Panama Canal: the Crisis in Historical Perspective. Updated ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Major, John. Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Schoonover, Thomas D. The United States in Central America, 1860–1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991. Max Paul Friedman See also Panama Canal . |
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Friedman, Max Paul. "Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. Friedman, Max Paul. "Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401801861.html Friedman, Max Paul. "Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401801861.html |
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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty an agreement of November 1903 to allow the United States to build a canal through a 10-mile-wide perpetually leased section of central Panama, to use more land if needed, and to intervene militarily in Panama. Negotiated by Phillipe Bunau-Varilla, a French citizen and official of the French canal company, it required the United States to guarantee Panama's independence and pay $10 million, plus $250,000 annually. No Panamanian ever signed the treaty.
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"Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 30 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. (May 30, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-HayBunauVarillaTreaty.html "Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-HayBunauVarillaTreaty.html |
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