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Carmelites
Carmelites , Roman Catholic order of mendicant friars. Originally a group of hermits, apparently European, living on Mt. Carmel in Palestine, their supervision was undertaken (c.1150) by St. Berthold. In 1238 they moved to Cyprus, and thence to Western Europe. St. Simon Stock (d. 1265), an Englishman, was their second founder. He transformed them into an order of friars resembling Dominicans and Franciscans and founded monasteries at Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, and Bologna. They rapidly became prominent in university life. An enclosed order of Carmelite nuns was established. The Carmelites, like other orders, declined in the 15th cent. They were revived by St. Theresa (of Ávila) and St. John of the Cross in 16th-century Spain. These great contemplatives gave the order a special orientation toward mysticism. Their reformed branch is the Discalced (or Barefoot) Carmelites; it is now more numerous than the Carmelites of the Old Observance. The Discalced Carmelites cultivate the contemplative life in all aspects, and they have produced many works on mystical theology. St. Theresa (of Lisieux) is a well-known Discalced Carmelite of the 19th cent. In 1790 the first community came to the United States and settled near Port Tobacco, Md. There are presently about 6,900 priests and brothers living in Carmelite communities, with 500 living in the United States.
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"Carmelites." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Carmelites." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Carmelit.html "Carmelites." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Carmelit.html |
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Carmelites
Carmelites or white friars are first mentioned in Ireland in 1271 when a letter of protection was issued in their favour. The earliest foundation was at Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow, c.1272 and by 1356 23 friaries had been established. All the founders were Anglo‐Irish but Gaelic patronage of the new foundations is probable. The Irish houses were governed by the English provincial until 1305 when an independent Irish province was established. An earlier attempt in 1294 to set up a Hiberno‐Scottish province foundered in the face of English opposition. Racial tension was not as much an issue for the Carmelites as for the other orders of friars and a Gaelic friar, David O'Buge, was provincial between 1321 and 1327. As with the other mendicants, the Carmelites expanded into Gaelic Ireland in the 15th century, establishing four houses between 1400 and 1508.
All the friaries in territory controlled by the government were suppressed by 1540 (see dissolution of the monasteries) but in 1575 there were still four or five houses in existence in Gaelic territory. In 1625 the reformed or Discalced Carmelites arrived in Ireland and frequent disputes occurred with the unreformed or Calced friars over the occupation of sites. The decision of Propaganda Fide in 1751 to close the Irish novitiates (see religious orders) had a particularly severe effect on the Carmelites, who had no continental houses in which to train novices and clerics. Colmán N. Ó Clabaigh |
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"Carmelites." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Carmelites." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-Carmelites.html "Carmelites." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-Carmelites.html |
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Carmelites
Carmelites. The ‘Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel’ dates from the late 12th cent. A group of hermits living on Mount Carmel accepted an austere rule written c.1208 by St Albert, the Latin Patr. of Jerusalem. By the mid-13th cent. the instability of the Crusader kingdom led some of the hermits to migrate to Europe and in 1247 Innocent IV allowed foundations not only in desert places but also in towns and cities and made other changes. The Order then grew rapidly. Communities of women, who adapted the Rule of Albert, were associated to the Order and formally incorporated into it in 1432. Also in 1432 Eugenius approved a second mitigation of the Rule. This, together with the decline in religious observance in the later Middle Ages, led to attempts at reform which were encouraged in the revised constitutions of 1456. After losing the French provinces in the Revolution and its aftermath, the Carmelites have rebuilt their European provinces and expanded in the New and Third World. There are now Carmelite Friars (of the Ancient Observance), Discalced Carmelite Friars (who look to the ‘Teresian Reform’ as their inspiration) and Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (founded in India in 1831), enclosed communities of Carmelite Nuns, congregations of active Carmelite Sisters, and Secular Institutes of lay people.
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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Carmelites." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Carmelites." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Carmelites.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Carmelites." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Carmelites.html |
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Carmelites
Carmelites were originally established as a monastic order in Palestine in the mid-12th cent., claiming descent via early hermits on Mount Carmel from Elijah and the Old Testament prophets. They were given a rule of great asceticism in 1209. Following the decline of the crusading states they returned to Europe in the mid-13th cent. Several communities were established in England c.1242. Shortly afterwards the Carmelites were reorganized as mendicant friars (the ‘white friars’), perhaps under the influence of the English ‘general’ of the order, St Simon Stock. They remained especially popular in England, where there were nearly 40 friaries at the dissolution. In England, as elsewhere, the order was notable for its scholars and theologians, while the 16th-cent. Spanish poet and mystic St John of the Cross was a Carmelite.
Brian Golding |
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JOHN CANNON. "Carmelites." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Carmelites." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Carmelites.html JOHN CANNON. "Carmelites." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Carmelites.html |
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Carmelites
Carmelites. Christian (Roman Catholic) religious order, deriving from hermits on Mount Carmel in Palestine, c.1200. Migrating to Europe as the failure of the Crusades began to lead to a break-up of the Latin Kingdom (c.1240), they were organized along lines of solitude, abstinence, and prayer. They were joined by nuns in 1452 as the Carmelite Second Order. Increasing laxity prompted the radical reforms of Teresa of Avila, earning the name Discalced (i.e. not wearing sandals). John of the Cross extended the reform to male houses of the order. Not having a founding figure (as e.g. Dominic, Francis, or Benedict), they take Elijah and Mary as their founders.
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JOHN BOWKER. "Carmelites." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Carmelites." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Carmelites.html JOHN BOWKER. "Carmelites." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Carmelites.html |
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Carmelite
Carmelite A monk or nun who is a follower of the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Carmelites obey the strict monastic ‘rule’ of St Albert of Jerusalem. They originated in PALESTINE c.1154 but came to western Europe when Palestine was conquered by the Muslims. Their order was approved by Pope Honorius III in 1226. In 1452 the Carmelite Sisters was formed. In 1594 a reformed group of the order was established, the Discalced Carmelites, but it remained essentially similar in organization and objectives.
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"Carmelite." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Carmelite." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Carmelite.html "Carmelite." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Carmelite.html |
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Carmelites
Carmelites were originally established as a monastic order in Palestine in the mid‐12th cent., claiming descent from early hermits on Mount Carmel. Several communities were established in England c.1242. Shortly afterwards the Carmelites were reorganized as mendicant friars (the ‘white friars’). They remained especially popular in England, where there were nearly 40 friaries at the dissolution.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Carmelites." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Carmelites." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Carmelites.html JOHN CANNON. "Carmelites." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Carmelites.html |
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Carmelite
Carmelite a friar or nun of a contemplative Catholic order dedicated to Our Lady. The Carmelite order of friars was founded during the Crusades c.1154 by St Berthold at Mount Carmel; the order of nuns was established in 1452. A reform movement in the late 16th century, led by St Teresa of Ávila and St John of the Cross, led to the formation of the stricter ‘discalced’ orders.
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Carmelite." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Carmelite." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Carmelite.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Carmelite." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Carmelite.html |
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Carmelite
Car·mel·ite / ˈkärməˌlīt/ • n. a friar or nun of a contemplative Catholic order founded at Mount Carmel during the Crusades. • adj. of or relating to the Carmelites. |
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"Carmelite." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Carmelite." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-carmelite.html "Carmelite." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-carmelite.html |
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Carmelites
Carmelites (officially Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) Order founded by Saint Berthold in Palestine c.1154. An order of Carmelite sisters was founded in 1452. The Carmelites devote themselves to contemplation and missionary work.
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"Carmelites." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Carmelites." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Carmelites.html "Carmelites." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Carmelites.html |
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Carmelite
Carmelite one of an order of mendicant friars originating from Mount Carmel, a White Friar. XV. — F. carmélite or medL. carmēlīta.
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T. F. HOAD. "Carmelite." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "Carmelite." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-Carmelite.html T. F. HOAD. "Carmelite." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-Carmelite.html |
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Carmelite
Carmelite
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•satellite • tantalite • overflight
•pearlite, perlite
•searchlight
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"Carmelite." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Carmelite." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 12, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Carmelite.html "Carmelite." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Carmelite.html |
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