Carbonari

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Carbonari

Carbonari [Ital.,=charcoal burners], members of a secret society that flourished in Italy, Spain, and France early in the 19th cent. Possibly derived from Freemasonry, the society originated in the kingdom of Naples in the reign of Murat (1808-15) and drew its members from all stations of life, particularly from the army. It was closely organized, with a ritual, a symbolic language, and a hierarchy. Beyond advocacy of political freedom its aims were vague. The Carbonari were partially responsible for uprisings in Spain (1820), Naples (1820), and Piedmont (1821). After 1830 the Italian Carbonari gradually were absorbed by the Risorgimento movement; elsewhere they disappeared.

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Carbonari

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | 2000 | | Â© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Carbonari (Ital., ‘charcoal-burners’). A secret political society which emerged in Italy in the early 19th cent. They utilized Christian symbolism but rejected Divine revelation and looked to natural religion as a sufficient basis for virtue and brotherhood.

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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Carbonari." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 19 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Carbonari." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (December 19, 2009). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Carbonari.html

E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Carbonari." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved December 19, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Carbonari.html

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	Fortune Brands Chairman Norm Wesley Announces Retirement; To Be Succeeded by CEO Bruce Carbonari. Business Wire; 9/30/2008
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	Bruce Carbonari.(News About People ...) Newspaper article from: Food & Drink Weekly; 9/3/2007

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