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Burghers
Burghers , in the 18th cent., a party of the Secession Church of Scotland, resulting from one of the "breaches" in the history of Presbyterianism. To qualify as a burgess in certain burghs one was required to take an oath accepting the "true religion presently professed within this realm." Opinion differed as to whether this referred to the Protestant religion in general or to the Established Church. Those in the Secession Church who understood the oath in the former sense were the "Burghers," or the Associate Synod. Opposed to them were the Anti-Burghers, or the General Associate Synod, who refused to take the oath. The two bodies mutually excluded each other in 1747. By the end of the century both divisions were further split apart into "Old Light Anti-Burghers" and "Old Light Burghers" and "New Lights" in each division, over questions of civil magistracy. In 1820 Old Lights and New Lights were brought together again in the United Secession Church. |
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"Burghers." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Burghers." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Burghers.html "Burghers." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Burghers.html |
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Burghers
BURGHERSBURGHERS, as Dutch citizens of incorporated cities, enjoyed the economic and political rights of freemen. In New Amsterdam, burghers gained control of the municipal government in 1652, after the previous administration's reckless economic and Indian policies threatened the city's prosperity. Five years later, the Dutch government granted burgher rights, which conferred political privileges and a commercial monopoly on their recipients. In New Amsterdam, only those whom the city magistrates had classified as burghers could do business as merchants or artisans. Later, English law entitled burghers to the designation of freemen by birth or admission by the magistrates. BIBLIOGRAPHYRink, Oliver A. Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986. ShelbyBalik A. C.Flick See alsoNew Netherland ; Petition and Remonstrance of New Netherland ; Suffrage, Colonial . |
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"Burghers." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Burghers." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401800598.html "Burghers." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401800598.html |
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Burgher
Burgher. A member of the group in the Scottish Secession Church which in 1747 defended the lawfulness of the religious clause in the civil Burgess Oath and thus separated from the Antiburghers, who denied it.
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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Burgher." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Burgher." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Burgher.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Burgher." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Burgher.html |
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burgher
burgher citizen. XVI. — G. or Du. burger. f. burg BOROUGH.
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T. F. HOAD. "burgher." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "burgher." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-burgher.html T. F. HOAD. "burgher." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-burgher.html |
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burgher
burgher
•dogger, flogger, Hoggar, hogger, jogger, logger, slogger, Wagga Wagga
•brolga, Olga, Volga
•conga, conger, donga, Rarotonga
•pettifogger • footslogger
•cataloguer (US cataloger)
•auger, augur
•ogre, Saratoga, toga, yoga
•beluga, cougar, Kaluga, Kruger, Luger
•sugar, Zeebrugge
•bugger, hugger, lugger, mugger, plugger, rugger, slugger, Srinagar, tugger
•mulga, vulgar
•hunger, sangha, Younger
•scandalmonger • scaremonger
•fishmonger
•warmonger, whoremonger
•ironmonger • hugger-mugger
•costermonger • Málaga
•Berger, burger, burgher
•hamburger • beefburger
•cheeseburger • Limburger
•Vegeburger • Erzgebirge
•Luxembourger
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"burgher." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "burgher." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-burgher.html "burgher." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-burgher.html |
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