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Borobudur
Borobudur. Famous Javanese stūpa and the largest of Buddhist monuments. Built between the 8th and 9th centuries by the rulers of the Śailendra and Sanjaya dynasties, the stūpa was constructed as a giant maṇḍala or sacred diagram linked with the adventures of Sudhana described in the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra. Erected around a natural hillside it comprises five terraces, the walls of which are decorated with bas-reliefs, surmounted by three circular platforms on which are positioned 72 miniature stūpas, themselves gathered around a massive central stūpa. On the first four terraces, the traditional Buddhas of the various directions are represented. On the fifth terrace Vairocana adorns all sides. Circumambulating the stūpa reveals scenes from Śākyamuni Buddha's life, Jātaka tales, and Mahāyāna sūtras. The vertical ascent to the top of the stūpa is considered to be a symbolic journey from saṃsāra to nirvāṇa. The monument was used until the 10th century and some activity continued to take place here until the 14th century. Now an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists worldwide, it has become, since its discovery in the 19th century, an important site for Buddhist scholarly research. The meaning of the name Borobudur is unknown.
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DAMIEN KEOWN. "Borobudur." A Dictionary of Buddhism. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. DAMIEN KEOWN. "Borobudur." A Dictionary of Buddhism. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O108-Borobudur.html DAMIEN KEOWN. "Borobudur." A Dictionary of Buddhism. 2004. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O108-Borobudur.html |
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Borobudur
Borobudur or Boroboeder , ruins of one of the finest Buddhist monuments, in central Java, Indonesia. Built by the Sailendras of Sumatra, this magnificent shrine dates from about the 9th cent. It is a huge, truncated pyramid covered with intricately carved blocks of stone that illustrate the life of the Buddha and his teachings according to Mahayana Buddhist doctrine. A seated Buddha within may be seen from three platforms above the seven stone terraces that encircle the pyramid. |
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"Borobudur." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Borobudur." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Borobudu.html "Borobudur." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Borobudu.html |
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Borobudur
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JOHN BOWKER. "Borobudur." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Borobudur." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Borobudur.html JOHN BOWKER. "Borobudur." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Borobudur.html |
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Borobudur
Borobudur Ruins of a Buddhist monument in Central Java, built c.850, under the Sailendra dynasty. It comprises a stupa (relic mound), mandalas (ritual diagrams) and the temple mountain, all forms of Indian Gupta dynasty religious art.
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"Borobudur." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Borobudur." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Borobudur.html "Borobudur." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Borobudur.html |
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Borobudur
Borobudur a Buddhist monument in central Java, built c.800. It consists of five square successively smaller terraces, one above the other, surmounted by three galleries and a stupa.
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Borobudur." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Borobudur." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Borobudur.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Borobudur." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Borobudur.html |
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Borobudur
Borobudur
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"Borobudur." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Borobudur." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Borobudur.html "Borobudur." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Borobudur.html |
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