Baring

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Baring , British family of bankers. Sir Francis Baring (1740-1810) founded (1763) the John and Francis Baring Company, which he renamed Baring Brothers and Company in 1806. At first the firm acted as import and export agents for others, but it soon became an independent merchant bank. Sir Francis, a close associate of William Pitt the Younger, helped finance the Napoleonic Wars and underwrote marine insurance. He was succeeded by his son Alexander Baring (later 1st baron Ashburton; 1774-1848), who was a pioneer in the financing of United States trade. He was (1834) president of the Board of Trade in the first administration of Sir Robert Peel and was raised to the peerage in 1835. He was the British commissioner sent to the United States in 1842 to negotiate the Webster-Ashburton Treaty . The family continued to manage the firm and by 1890 its importance to the British government was such that the Bank of England guaranteed their debts to save them from bankruptcy when Argentina defaulted (1890) on bond payments. Members of the Baring family were also notable public servants. The more important members of the family include Thomas George Baring, 1st earl of Northbrook (1826-1904), a Liberal statesman who served as a successful viceroy of India (1872-76); Evelyn Baring, 1st earl of Cromer ; Maurice Baring (1874-1945), author; and George Rowland Stanley Baring, 3d earl of Cromer (1918-91), governor of the Bank of England (1961-66) and ambassador to the United States (1971-74).

Bibliography: See R. W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance, 1763-1861 (1949).

Baring crisis (July 1890) A financial crisis in ARGENTINA. The London merchant bank of Baring Brothers was the country's financial agent in Europe, where a crisis of confidence occurred over the inflationary policy of President Juarez Celman (1886–90). The President gave way to his deputy Carlos Pellegrini, who had to stabilize the currency and adopt the gold standard before London would give any more credit. One result was heavy urban unemployment, although the refrigerated beef and corn industries continued to expand. Approximately a century later (1995) Barings Bank collapsed as a result of unmonitored loss-making speculation by a futures dealer, Nick Leeson, on the Singapore markets.