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Fugard, Athol
Fugard, Athol (1932– ), South African playwright, director, and actor, born of Anglo-Irish and Afrikaner parents, who studied philosophy and social anthropology at the University of Cape Town. His first play, No Good Friday (1959), was closely followed by Ngogo (translatable as ‘a 35-cent woman’), the story of a mine-worker's whore. The Blood Knot (1961; London, 1963; NY, 1964) tackled the bitter topic of the temptation to pass for white in a racially segregated society. In 1963 Fugard and his wife were invited to help a group of non-white actors in the African township of New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, to form an amateur drama group, the Serpent Players. His first production there, Machiavelli's The Mandrake, was followed by productions of plays by Brecht, Büchner, Sophocles, and others, and work with the group concurrently enriched his own writing. Hello and Goodbye (1965; NY, 1969; London, 1973) and Boesman and Lena (1969; NY, 1970; London, 1971) form with The Blood Knot a trilogy about the lives of poor people in Port Elizabeth; People are Living There (1969; NY, 1971; London, 1972) is set in a cheap boarding house in Johannesburg. Working with the Serpent Players, Fugard explored improvisation and Collective Creation to put on plays presenting the Black South African point of view. This resulted in The Coat (1971), Sizwe Bansi is Dead (1972), dealing with the effects of the pass laws, and The Island (1973), a dialogue between two prisoners on Robben Island. The last two, played by the two actors credited as co-authors, John Kani and Winston Ntshona, were seen at the Royal Court Theatre and in New York in 1974. The Edinburgh Festival of 1975 commissioned Dimetos, a poetic allegory with an unlocalized setting; a production at the Nottingham Playhouse in 1976, with Paul Scofield, transferred to London. A Lesson from Aloes (NY and National Theatre, 1980) was a triumphant return to the South African environment. Master Harold … and the Boys (NY, 1982; NT, 1983) portrays a conflict between White and Black South African teenage friends; The Road to Mecca (NT, 1985) is about an elderly Afrikaner sculptress; but A Place with the Pigs (NT, 1988), in which a Red Army deserter hides in a pigsty for 41 years, marks a sharp change of setting and theme.
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Cite this article
PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Fugard, Athol." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Fugard, Athol." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-FugardAthol.html PHYLLIS HARTNOLL and PETER FOUND. "Fugard, Athol." The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. 1996. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-FugardAthol.html |
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Fugard, Athol
Fugard, Athol (1932– ), South African playwright, born in Middlesburg, the son of a shop keeper; he was brought up in Port Elizabeth and educated at Cape Town University. After various jobs he moved to Johannesburg, where he worked for some time as clerk to the Native Commissioner's Court, an experience which greatly sharpened his awareness of racial tension and inequality, the subject of much of his drama.
His plays include The Blood Knot (1961, pub. 1963); Boesman and Lena (1968, pub. 1969), a sombre work figuring a derelict middle-aged couple of Coloured migrant workers, whose presence as they set up their shelter on the open stage has a symbolic quality akin to that of the characters of Beckett; Sizwe Bansi is Dead (1972, pub. 1974, written with John Kani and Winston Ntshona), based on the problems created by the pass laws; A Lesson from Aloes (1980, pub. 1981); and ‘Master Harold’…and the Boys (1982, pub. 1983), portraying the relationship between a white South African teenager and two black family servants, ‘the boys’. |
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Cite this article
MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Fugard, Athol." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Fugard, Athol." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-FugardAthol.html MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "Fugard, Athol." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-FugardAthol.html |
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Atholl
Atholl, Athole, Athol [ScG, the ford of Fódla]. In ancient times Atholl was one of the four Pictish kingdoms, roughly equivalent with what was until 1974 Perthshire, now north-west Tayside. On the modern map Atholl is a mountainous, forested area at the south end of the Grampian mountains. The land is generally uncultivatable, but it has an extensive deer forest. Many Scotsmen perceive Atholl as a kind of impenetrable interior or ‘heartland’ of the Highlands.
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JAMES MacKILLOP. "Atholl." A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAMES MacKILLOP. "Atholl." A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O70-Atholl.html JAMES MacKILLOP. "Atholl." A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O70-Atholl.html |
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Atholl
Atholl ♂, ♀ Transferred use of the Scottish place name, a district of Perthshire, seat of the dukes of Atholl. The place name is thought to derive from Gaelic ath Fodla ‘new Ireland’.
Variants: Athol, Athole. |
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PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Atholl." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Atholl." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Atholl1.html PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Atholl." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Atholl1.html |
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Atholl
Atholl ♂, ♀ (Scottish) Transferred use of the place name denoting a district of Perthshire, thought to derive its name from Gaelic ath Fodla ‘new Ireland’.
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Cite this article
PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Atholl." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Atholl." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Atholl.html PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Atholl." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Atholl.html |
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Atholl
Atholl , successively an earldom, a marquisate, and a dukedom of Scotland. For Scottish nobles so entitled, use Stuart, John, and Murray, John. |
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"Atholl." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Atholl." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-IX-Atholl.html "Atholl." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-IX-Atholl.html |
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Atholl
Atholl. See Blair Atholl.
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A. D. MILLS. "Atholl." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. A. D. MILLS. "Atholl." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Atholl.html A. D. MILLS. "Atholl." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Atholl.html |
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