North African History: Biographies

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. World Encyclopedia Further reading

Abd al-Kader

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Abd al-Kader , c.1807–1883, Algerian military and religious leader. Although born to an anti-Turkish family, he was chosen emir of Mascara to fight the French invaders who had just defeated the Turks. From 1832 to 1839, by alternately fighting and coming to terms with the French, he extended his power over much of N Algeria, subduing hostile ethnic groups and organizing the countryside. Well-educated, he reformed his army along Western lines; in 1839 he proclaimed a Muslim holy war. In four years of fighting, General Bugeaud drove Abd al-Kader into Morocco, where he gained the sultan's support. The Moroccan defeat at Isly (1844) soon forced the sultan to repudiate his ally. Abd al-Kader surrendered in 1847 and was imprisoned in France until 1852. Abd al-Kader remains greatly respected by the Algerians.

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Abd al-Kadir

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

Abd al-Kadir (1808–83) Algerian leader. He displaced (1832–39) the French and Turks from n Algeria, and then launched a holy war against the French. In 1843 he was forced to retreat to Morocco, where he enlisted the support of the Sultan. Abd al-Kadir and his Moroccan forces were defeated at Isly (1844). He was imprisoned in France (1847–52).

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"Abd al-Kadir." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-AbdalKadir.html

"Abd al-Kadir." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-AbdalKadir.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	The Spiritual Writings of Amir Abd al-Kader Magazine article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 4/1/1998
	The Spiritual Writings of Amir Abd al-Kader. Magazine article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 4/1/1998
	SAMEAGAIN; Ballabriggs to emulate Red Rum as multiple McCain winner.(Features) Newspaper article from: Liverpool Echo (Liverpool, England); 4/14/2012