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John Atkinson Hobson
John Atkinson Hobson 1858-1940, English economist and journalist. He achieved wide popularity as a lecturer and writer. Criticizing classical economics, which centered on man's mechanical response to inflexible economic laws, he held that economic theory was bound up with the ethical problems of so...
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economics
economics study of how human beings allocate scarce resources to produce various commodities and how those commodities are distributed for consumption among the people in society (see distribution ). The essence of economics lies in the fact that resources are scarce, or at least limited, and that...
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Thomas Tooke
Thomas Tooke 1774-1858, British economist, b. St. Petersburg, Russia. A successful businessman, he began to speak on behalf of free trade before Parliamentary committees and was one of the founders of the Political Economy Club (1821). His History of Prices (6 vol., 1838-57) is a classic expositi...
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Alfred Marshall
Alfred Marshall 1842-1924, English economist. At Cambridge, where he taught from 1885 to 1908, he exerted great influence on the development of economic thought of the time; one of his students was John Maynard Keynes . He systematized the classical economic theories and made new analyses in the s...
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John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes of Tilton
John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes of Tilton , 1883-1946, English economist and monetary expert, studied at Eton and Cambridge.
Early Career and Critique of Versailles
Keynes served (1906-08) in the India Office of the civil service, where he was concerned with problems of Indian currency. ...
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module
module 1 Term derived from the Latin modulus, a unit of measure in classical architecture equal to half the diameter of a column at its base. This unit was used in proportioning the classical orders of architecture . 2 The modern module is an interchangeable building unit used in constructio...
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capital
capital in economics, the elements of production from which an income is derived, usually defined with the exception of land and labor. As originally used in business, capital denoted interest-bearing money. In classical economic theory it was one of the three major factors of production, along wit...
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entrepreneur
entrepreneur [Fr.,=one who undertakes], person who assumes the organization, management, and risks of a business enterprise. It was first used as a technical economic term by the 18th-century economist Richard Cantillon. To the classical economist of the late 18th cent. the term meant an employer i...
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physiocrats
physiocrats , school of French thinkers in the 18th cent. who evolved the first complete system of economics. They were also referred to simply as "the economists" or "the sect." The founder and leader of physiocracy was François Quesnay . His most ardent disciple, Victor de Mirabeau...
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laissez-faire
laissez-faire [Fr.,=leave alone], in economics and politics, doctrine that an economic system functions best when there is no interference by government. It is based on the belief that the natural economic order tends, when undisturbed by artificial stimulus or regulation, to secure the maximum wel...
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