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	Frances Hodgkins Hodgkins, Frances (1869–1947). New Zealand painter, active mainly in England, where she settled in 1913 after some time spent alternating between the two hemispheres (her first visit to Europe had been in 1901). She was taught watercolour painting by her father—a barrister and amateur... Read more
	Henri Matisse Henri Matisse , 1869-1954, French painter, sculptor, and lithographer. Along with Picasso , Matisse is considered one of the two foremost artists of the modern period. His contribution to 20th-century art is inestimably great. Matisse began to study law and, during an illness in 1890, took up... Read more
	Cartographer Cartographer A cartographer makes maps from information gathered during a survey. The mapping of an area begins by creating a network of points and measuring the distances and angles between them. The next step is to map all the details of the land, such as rivers and... Read more
	illustration illustration any type of picture or decoration used in conjunction with a text to embellish its appearance or to clarify its meaning. Illustration is as old as writing, with both originating in the pictograph. With the advent of printing, the art of hand-painted illumination declined as a means... Read more
	road road strip of land used for transportation. The history of roads has been related to the centralizing of populations in powerful cities, which the roads have served for military purposes and for trade, the collection of supplies, and tribute. In the Middle East, in N Mesopotamia, scientists have... Read more
	Battle of Hampton Roads Hampton Roads, Battle of (1862).Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory believed ironclads could break the Civil War blockade by the Union navy. On 11 July 1861, he ordered the conversion of the captured USS Merrimack into the ironclad CSS Virginia. His Federal counterpart, Gideon... Read more
	War of Jenkinss Ear War of Jenkins's Ear 1739-41, struggle between England and Spain. It grew out of the commercial rivalry of the two powers and led to involvement in the larger War of the Austrian Succession . The incident that gave the name to the war occurred in 1731 when, according to Robert Jenkins, master of... Read more
	Dutch Wars Dutch Wars series of conflicts between the English and Dutch during the mid to late 17th cent. The wars had their roots in the Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, although the last of the three wars was a wider conflict in which French interests played a primary role. War of 1652-54 The 1652-54 war... Read more
	Relations with Spain SPAIN, RELATIONS WITH SPAIN, RELATIONS WITH. Due to the imperial rivalry between Great Britain and Spain in the New World, American relations with Spain date back to before the Revolution. Upon gaining its independence, the new nation inherited an antagonistic relationship with Spain that... Read more
	Carnatic wars Carnatic wars. The Carnatic region covers the Eastern Ghats and Coromandel plain in south India and witnessed the initial struggle of the British and French for power in the subcontinent. Rivalry between Chanda Sahib and Mohammed Ali to be nawab of Arcot became entangled with rivalry between the... Read more