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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
A YATOLLAHK HOMEINI Born: September 24, 1902 Khomein, Persia Died: June 3, 1989 Tehran, Iran Iranian head of state and religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini was the founder and supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The only... Read more
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , 1900-1989, Iranian Shiite religious leader. Educated in Islam at home and in theological schools, in the 1950s he was designated ayatollah, a supreme religious leader, in the Iranian Shiite community. Khomeini's criticisms of Reza Shah Pahlevi led to his exile in... Read more
fatwa fatwa
fatwa in Islamic law, an opinion made by a judicial/religious scholar (a mufti ) on a legal, civil, or religious matter. The fatwa is usually a valuable source of information on any subject for private individuals or for judges or other authorities, and it is normally used as a guide and does not... Read more
Ali Khamenei Ali Khamenei
Khamenei, Ayatollah Sayed Ali (b. 1940), President of Iran, 1981–9; religious leader of Iran, 1989–  Born in Mashad, he became a student of Ayatollah Khomeini. He became active in the opposition movement against Shah Reza Pahlavi. Following the Iranian revolution, he became... Read more
Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi
Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi , 1919-80, shah of Iran (1941-79). Educated in Switzerland, he returned (1935) to Iran to attend the military academy in Tehran. He ascended the throne in 1941 after his father, Reza Shah Pahlevi , was suspected of collaboration with the Germans and was deposed by British... Read more
Hizballah Hizballah
Hizballah (Party of God) Hizballah (Party of God) (also operates as, or is known as: Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine) was formed in 1982 in response to the Israeli... Read more
imam imam
imam [Arab.,=leader], in Islam, a recognized leader or a religious teacher. Among the Sunni the term refers to the leader in the Friday prayer at the mosque; any pious Muslim may function as imam. The term has also been used as a synonym for caliph (see caliphate ), the vicegerent of God. The ... Read more
Salman Rushdie Salman Rushdie
Sir Salman Rushdie , 1947-, British novelist, b. Bombay (now Mumbai, India). He is known for the allusive richness of his language and the wide variety of Eastern and Western characters and cultures he explores. His first novels, including Midnight's Children (1981; Booker Prize; adapted for the... Read more
Iran-Iraq War Iran-Iraq War
Iran-Iraq War 1980-88, protracted military conflict between Iran and Iraq. It officially began on Sept. 22, 1980, with an Iraqi land and air invasion of western Iran, although Iraqi spokespersons maintained that Iran had been engaging in artillery attacks on Iraqi towns since Sept. 4. Iraqi... Read more
Hashemi Rafsanjani Hashemi Rafsanjani
Hashemi Rafsanjani (Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani) , 1934-, Iranian religious and political leader, president of Iran (1989-97). A Shiite clergyman and supporter of Ayotallah Khomeini , Rafsanjani was imprisoned several times during the 1960s and 70s for his political activities. After the ouster... Read more

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