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	Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels , 1820-95, German socialist; with Karl Marx , one of the founders of modern Communism. The son of a wealthy Rhenish textile manufacturer, Engels went in 1842 to take a position in a factory near Manchester, England, in which his father had an interest. In 1844, while passing... Read more
	Louis Althusser Louis Althusser Aligned with the French Communist Party, philosopher Louis Althusser (1918-1990) strove to explain contemporary developments by reinterpreting the doctrines of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Louis Althusser was born at Birmandreis, Algeria (then a colony of France), October... Read more
	dialectic dialectic [Gr.,= art of conversation], in philosophy, term originally applied to the method of philosophizing by means of question and answer employed by certain ancient philosophers, notably Socrates. For Plato the term came to apply more strictly to logical method and meant the reduction of what... Read more
	International International any of a succession of international socialist and Communist organizations of the 19th and 20th cent. The First International The First International was founded in London in 1864 as the International Workingmen's Association. Karl Marx was a key figure in inspiring its creation... Read more
	Karl Marx Karl Marx 1818-83, German social philosopher, the chief theorist of modern socialism and communism . Early Life Marx's father, a lawyer, converted from Judaism to Lutheranism in 1824. Marx studied law at Bonn and Berlin, but became interested in philosophy and took a Ph.D. degree at Jena... Read more
	Marxism Marxism economic and political philosophy named for Karl Marx . It is also known as scientific (as opposed to utopian) socialism. Marxism has had a profound impact on contemporary culture; modern communism is based on it, and most modern socialist theories derive from it (see socialism ). It... Read more
	Paul Lafargue Lafargue, Paul 1842-1911 FAMILY BACKGROUND AND EDUCATION MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVIST AND POLITICIAN WRITING CAREER BIBLIOGRAPHY Paul Lafargue was a Haitian-Cuban-French Marxist economist, activist, politician, and writer, who considered himself black and referred to... Read more
	dialectical materialism dialectical materialism official philosophy of Communism, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , as elaborated by G. V. Plekhanov , V. I. Lenin , and Joseph Stalin . In theory dialectical materialism is meant to provide both a general world view and a specific method for... Read more
	Karl Friedrich Gauss Karl Friedrich Gauss The German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) made outstanding contributions to both pure and applied mathematics. Karl Friedrich Gauss was born in Brunswick on April 30, 1777. At an early age his intellectual abilities attracted the attention of the Duke of... Read more
	Friedrich Karl von Savigny Friedrich Karl von Savigny The German jurist Friedrich Karl von Savigny (1779-1861) advocated the doctrine of historical continuity, according to which historical rather than natural rights and actual historical facts rather than legal theory were the bases for legal systems. Friedrich Karl... Read more