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Benjamin Hoadly
Benjamin Hoadly , 1676-1761, English prelate, center of the Bangorian Controversy within the Church of England. He was a leader in the Low Church group. In 1715 he was appointed bishop of Bangor, Wales, and chaplain to George I. His pamphlet, A Preservative against the Principles and Practices of...
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Apollinarianism
Apollinarianism , heretical doctrine taught by Apollinaris or Apollinarius (c.315-c.390), bishop of Laodicea, near Antioch. A celebrated scholar and teacher, author of scriptural commentary, philosophy, and controversial treatises, he propounded the theory that Jesus possessed the Logos in place o...
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Bangorian Controversy
Bangorian Controversy , religious dispute in the Church of England during the early part of the reign of George I. Benjamin Hoadly , bishop of Bangor, Wales, delivered a sermon (1717) before the king in which he denied that the church had any doctrinal or disciplinary authority. Advocates of eccles...
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Holy Spirit
Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost [ ghost, i.e., spirit, a translation of Gr. pneuma =breath, air], in Christian doctrine, the third person of the Trinity . The Holy Spirit is sometimes defined as the aspect of God immanent in this world, in human beings, and in the church. Jesus' promise to his dis...
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Marprelate controversy
Marprelate controversy , a 16th-century English religious argument. Martin Marprelate was the pseudonym under which appeared several Puritan pamphlets (1588-89) satirizing the authoritarianism of the Church of England under Archbishop John Whitgift. The church replied in kind, but silenced the pamph...
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Nestorianism
Nestorianism Christian heresy that held Jesus to be two distinct persons, closely and inseparably united. In 428, Emperor Theodosius II named an abbot of Antioch, Nestorius (d. 451?), as patriarch of Constantinople. In that year Nestorius, who had been a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia , outraged ...
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Charles Bradlaugh
Charles Bradlaugh , 1833-91, British social reformer, a secularist. Editor of the free-thinking weekly National Reformer from 1860 and later associated with Annie Besant , he was an early advocate of woman's suffrage, birth control, free speech, national education, trade unionism, and other contr...
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Seneca
Seneca the elder (Lucius, or Marcus, Annaeus Seneca) , c.60 BC-c.AD 37, Roman rhetorician and writer, b. Corduba (present-day Córdoba), Spain; grandfather of Lucan and father of Seneca the younger. He spent most of his life in Spain but made frequent trips to Rome, where he observed the...
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Sir Jacob Epstein
Sir Jacob Epstein , 1880-1959, sculptor, b. New York City. He studied with Rodin in Paris and later worked chiefly in England. In revolt against the ornate and the pretty in art, Epstein produced bold, often harsh and massive forms in stone or bronze that were the subjects of frequent controversy. H...
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Real Presence
Real Presence expression of the belief among certain Christians, especially Roman Catholics and some Anglicans, that the actual presence of the body and blood of Jesus is in the Eucharist . Saints Ignatius of Antioch , Justin Martyr , and Irenaeus wrote of the bread and wine of the Eucharist a...
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