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warlord
warlord in modern Chinese history, autonomous regional military commander. In the political chaos following the death (1916) of republican China's first president and commander in chief, Yüan Shih-kai , central authority fell to the provincial military governors and regional military groups e...
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Young Plan
Young Plan program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. It was presented by the committee headed (1929-30) by Owen D. Young. After the Dawes Plan was put into operation (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an i...
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Paul W. McCracken
Paul W. McCracken 1915-, American economist; b. Richland, Iowa. He has taught at the Univ. of Michigan's school of business administration from 1948, except for time in government service. A specialist in banking and finance, he served on the Council of Economic Advisers (1956-59) under President ...
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monetarism
monetarism economic theory that monetary policy, or control of the money supply, is the primary if not sole determinant of a nation's economy. Monetarists believe that management of the money supply to produce credit ease or restraint is the chief factor influencing inflation or deflation, recess...
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Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki , 1942-, South African political leader. Mbeki was born into a politically active family; his father, Govan Mbeki, an official with the African National Congress (ANC), was imprisoned (1964) at Robben Island along with Nelson Mandela , released (1987), and became (1994) deput...
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Mariano Arista
Mariano Arista , 1802-55, Mexican general and president (1851-53). A royalist in the revolt against Spain, he later joined Agustín de Iturbide. He fought in the Mexican army that tried to put down the Texas revolt (1836). In command of the army in N Mexico in the Mexican War, he was defeated ...
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Ogden Livingston Mills
Ogden Livingston Mills 1884-1937, American political leader, b. Newport, R.I. He practiced law in New York City and became an active Republican party leader. He served (1914-17) in the New York state legislature and then (1921-27) in the U.S. Congress, where he was noted as a fiscal expert. He was ...
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Samuel Irving Newhouse
Samuel Irving Newhouse 1895-1979, American newspaper and magazine publisher, b. New York City as Solomon Neuhaus. From 1922 to the 1970s, he acquired 31 dailies in 22 cities, including the Newark Star Ledger, New Orleans Times-Picayune, and Cleveland Plain Dealer, often taking financially tro...
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Franz Vranitzky
Franz Vranitzky , 1937-, Austrian political leader, chancellor of Austria (1986-97), b. Vienna. After receiving a doctorate in economics he became a banker (1961-70). Vranitzky was an adviser on economic and fiscal policy to the minister of finance (1970-76) and returned to banking (1976-84) before ...
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Wang An-shih
Wang An-shih , 1021-86, Chinese Sung dynasty statesman. As a chief councilor (1069-74, 1075-76) he directed sweeping administrative and fiscal reforms that drew strong conservative opposition. His aim was to strengthen the central government, but the poor also benefited from reforms such as the grad...
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