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Jan Masaryk
Jan Masaryk , 1886-1948, Czechoslovak diplomat, son of Thomas G. Masaryk. He was (1925-38) Czechoslovak minister to Great Britain, and in London he became (1940) foreign minister in the Czechoslovak government in exile headed by Eduard Beneš after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. Duri...
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Leo Hendrik Baekeland
Leo Hendrik Baekeland , 1863-1944, American chemist, b. Belgium, grad. Univ. of Ghent, 1882. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States. He founded (1893) and conducted, until 1899, when he sold the rights to Eastman, a company for producing a photographic paper of his own invention. In 1909 he annou...
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nuclear disarmament
nuclear disarmament the reduction and limitation of the various nuclear weapons in the military forces of the world's nations. The atomic bombs dropped (1945) on Japan by the United States in World War II demonstrated the overwhelming destructive potential of nuclear weapons and the threat to h...
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cold fusion
cold fusion or low-temperature fusion, nuclear fusion of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen , at or relatively near room temperature. Fusion, the reaction involved in the release of the destructive energy of a hydrogen bomb , requires extremely high temperatures, and investigations of fusion a...
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Georges Bidault
Georges Bidault , 1899-1983, French political leader. An influential columnist (1932-39), he was imprisoned (1940-41) in World War II and then joined the French underground, becoming its leader. A founder of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire (MRP), one of France's leading postwar parties, h...
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blockade
blockade use of naval forces to cut off maritime communication and supply. Blockades may be used to prevent shipping from reaching enemy ports, or they may serve purposes of coercion. The term is rarely applied to land sieges. During the Napoleonic wars, both France and Great Britain attempted to c...
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Smithson Tennant
Smithson Tennant 1761-1815, English chemist. In 1796 he proved, by burning a diamond, that the diamond consists solely of carbon. In 1804 he announced his discovery of osmium and iridium.
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advertising
advertising in general, any openly sponsored offering of goods, services, or ideas through any medium of public communication. At its inception advertising was merely an announcement; for example, entrepreneurs in ancient Egypt used criers to announce ship and cargo arrivals. The invention of print...
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Second Vatican Council
Second Vatican Council popularly called Vatican II, 1962-65, the 21st ecumenical council (see council, ecumenical ) of the Roman Catholic Church, convened by Pope John XXIII and continued under Paul VI . Its announced purpose was spiritual renewal of the church and reconsideration of the po...
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Hague Conferences
Hague Conferences term for the International Peace Conference of 1899 (First Hague Conference) and the Second International Peace Conference of 1907 (Second Hague Conference). Both were called by Russia and met at The Hague, the Netherlands. Neither succeeded in the main announced purpose of effect...
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