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Albert
Albert 1490-1545, German churchman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A member of the house of Brandenburg, he became (1514) Archbishop of Mainz. Because Albert was underage, this appointment was uncanonical and he was required to pay a large fee for a papal dispensation. To assist Albert in r...
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federalism
federalism Political system that allows states united under a central government to maintain a measure of independence. Examples include the USA, Australia, Canada, Germany, India, and Switzerland. Central government has supreme authority, but the component states retain a considerable amount of au...
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Othmar Hermann Ammann
Othmar Hermann Ammann , 1879-1965, American civil engineer, b. Switzerland, grad. Federal Polytechnic Institute, Zürich, 1902. He came to the United States in 1904 and was naturalized in 1924. He served (1925-39) with the Port of New York Authority and was its director of engineers from 1937 to...
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Sidney Bradshaw Fay
Sidney Bradshaw Fay 1876-1967, American historian, b. Washington, D.C. Fay, professor of history at Dartmouth College (1902-14), Smith (1914-29), and Harvard (1929-46), earned his name as an authority on European diplomatic history. In The Origins of the World War (1928; 2d ed., rev. 1930; repr. ...
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local government
local government political administration of the smallest subdivisions of a country's territory and population.
Characteristics and Types
Although there are special-purpose local government bodies (e.g., school boards in the United States), more important are those that carry out a broad ...
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Charles River Bridge Case
Charles River Bridge Case decided in 1837 by the U.S. Supreme Court. The Charles River Bridge Company had been granted (1785) a charter by the state of Massachusetts to operate a toll bridge. The state later authorized (1828) a competing bridge that would eventually be free to the public. The Charl...
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justice of the peace
justice of the peace official presiding over a type of police court . In some states of the United States the justices, who are usually elected, have jurisdiction over petty civil and criminal cases as well as having such duties as the issuing of search warrants and the performance of marriage ser...
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Charles Nordhoff
Charles Nordhoff , 1830-1901, American journalist and author, b. Westphalia. In 1835 he emigrated with his family to Cincinnati. His service (1844-47) in the navy, and later on whaling and fishing ships, provided literary material for his books Nine Years a Sailor (1857) and Stories of the Island...
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Ignatius Donnelly
Ignatius Donnelly , 1831-1901, American author and agrarian reformer, b. Philadelphia. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and in 1856 moved to Minnesota. There he gained political prominence, was lieutenant governor (1859-63), Congressman (1863-69), and a state legislator. Strongly expounding ...
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ephors
ephors [Gr.,=overseers], in ancient Greece, magistrates in several Dorian states. In Sparta they comprised an executive, legislative, and judicial board of five Spartan citizens. This annually elected board functioned from at least the 8th cent. BC until it was abolished (c.227 BC) by Cleomenes III...
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