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Robinson v. California
ROBINSON V. CALIFORNIA In Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 82 S. Ct. 1417, 8 L. Ed. 2d 758 (1962), the U.S. Supreme Court made two landmark rulings on the scope and meaning of the cruel and unusual punishments clause of the eighth amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Eighth Amendment... Read more |
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California Current
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Hurtado v. California
HURTADO V. CALIFORNIA An 1884 decision of the Supreme Court, Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516, 4 S. Ct. 111, 28 L. Ed. 232, held that states are not required to comply with the fifth amendment provision that a criminal prosecution be initiated by an indictment by a grand jury. The constitution... Read more |
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Shirley Mount Hufstedler
Shirley Mount Hufstedler 1925-, American jurist and U.S. secretary of education (1980-81), b. Denver. After pursuing a career in private law practice (1950-60) she became a county and state judge in California (1961-68) and a federal appeals court judge in Ninth Circuit (1968-80). In 1979,... Read more |
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Alta California
Alta California , term used by the Spanish to refer to their possessions along the entire Pacific coast north of the Mexican state of Baja California. California was often represented on maps as an island some 3,000 mi (4,800 km) long until the 18th-century explorations of the Jesuit father Eusebio... Read more |
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Rochin v. California
ROCHIN V. CALIFORNIA In Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 72 S. Ct. 205, 96 L. Ed. 183 (1952), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for police to pump a criminal suspect's stomach and use the resulting evidence at trial. The Court held that such conduct was "shocking to the... Read more |
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California
California , most populous state in the United States, located in the Far West; bordered by Oregon (N), Nevada and, across the Colorado River, Arizona (E), Mexico (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W). Facts and Figures Area, 158,693 sq mi (411,015 sq km). Pop. (2000) 33,871,648, a 13.8% increase since... Read more |
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Judy Sierra
Sierra, Judy 1945-PersonalBorn Judy Strup, June 8, 1945, in Washington, DC; name legally changed, 1985; daughter of Joseph L. (a photographer) and Jean (a librarian) Strup; married Robert Walter Kaminski (a puppeteer and elementary schoolteacher); children: Christopher Robin Strup. Education:... Read more |
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Baja California (peninsula)
Baja California Span.: bä´hä kälēfōr´nyä or Lower California, peninsula, c.760 mi (1,220 km) long and from 30 to 150 mi (48-241 km) wide, NW Mexico, separating the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula is divided at lat. 28° N... Read more |
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Furman v. Georgia
FURMAN V. GEORGIA In Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972), the U.S. Supreme Court struck down three death sentences, finding that they constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Hailed,... Read more |
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