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Martin V
Martin V 1368-1431, pope (1417-31), a Roman named Oddone Colonna; successor of Gregory XII. He was created cardinal by Innocent VII, and in the schism (see Schism, Great ) he attended and supported the decisions of the Council of Pisa (see Pisa, Council of ). His election (Nov. 11, 1417) by the c...
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Unification Church
Unification Church religious sect founded (1954) in Korea by Sun Myung Moon . Moon moved to the United States in 1971. He and his wife, Hak J. Han, are seen by followers as "True Parents." He claims to have communicated with Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and the Buddha in his spiritual search, and ha...
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Jim Jones
Jim Jones 1931-78, American religious leader, b. Lynn, Indiana. An influential Indianapolis preacher since the 1950s, Jones formed the People's Temple (1955), which he eventually moved to Ukiah, Calif. (1967) and then San Francisco (1971). After Jones became the subject of criminal investigations, ...
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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , 1900-1989, Iranian Shiite religious leader. Educated in Islam at home and in theological schools, in the 1950s he was designated ayatollah, a supreme religious leader, in the Iranian Shiite community. Khomeini's criticisms of Reza Shah Pahlevi led to his exile in ...
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Charles Taze Russell
Charles Taze Russell 1852-1916, founder of the movement whose followers are known as Russellites, as Bible Students, and (since 1931) as Jehovah's Witnesses , b. Pittsburgh, Pa. There he predicted (1872) the second coming of Christ and the millennium. In 1878 he organized his followers as an indep...
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Hebron
Hebron city (2003 est. pop. 155,000), the West Bank, called Al-Khalil in modern Arabic. Hebron is situated at an altitude of 3,000 ft (910 m) in a region where grapes, cereal grains, and vegetables are grown. Tanning, food processing, glassblowing, and the manufacture of sheepskin coats are the maj...
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Edmund Beecher Wilson
Edmund Beecher Wilson 1856-1939, American zoologist, b. Geneva, Ill., grad. Yale (Ph.B., 1878), Johns Hopkins Univ. (Ph.D., 1881). He taught at Bryn Mawr (1885-91) and at Columbia (1891-1928), where he initiated research in genetics and attracted many followers. His principal work was on the functi...
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Aga Khan
Aga Khan , the title of the religious leader and imam of the Ismaili Nizari sect of Islam, originally bestowed by the Persian shah Fath Ali on Hasan Ali Shah, 1800-1881, the 46th Ismaili imam, in 1818. The first Aga Khan was also appointed as the governor of the province of Kirman, a position he...
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Eugen Bleuler
Eugen Bleuler , 1857-1939, Swiss psychiatrist. He taught (1898-1927) at the Univ. of Zürich, serving concurrently as director of Zürich's Burghölzi Asylum. Bleuler is well-known for his introduction (1908) of the term schizophrenia, formerly known as dementia praecox, and for his st...
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Johann Conrad Beissel
Johann Conrad Beissel , 1690-1768, founder of the Seventh-Day Baptist community at Ephrata, Pa. Emigrating (1720) from Germany, he settled first with the German Baptists, or Dunkards, in Germantown, Pa. He soon moved to the Conestoga Valley, where he preached to the German settlers. Beissel publishe...
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