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	Anton Raphael Mengs Anton Raphael Mengs , 1728-79, German historical and portrait painter, b. Bohemia. He was the pupil of his father, Ismael Mengs (c.1688-1764), a Dresden miniaturist who took him to Italy in 1741. Anton was appointed Dresden court painter in 1749. Influenced by the theories of Winckelmann , he... Read more
	Italians Italians LOCATION:Italy POPULATION:57 million LANGUAGE:Italian; French; Slovene; German; Fruilian RELIGION:Roman Catholicsim; small amounts of Protestantism, Judaism, and Greek Orthodoxy 1 • INTRODUCTION The twenty regions that make up Italy were united into a single ... Read more
	Lateran Treaty Lateran Treaty concordat between the Holy See and the kingdom of Italy signed in 1929 in the Lateran Palace, Rome, by Cardinal Gasparri for Pius XI and by Benito Mussolini for Victor Emmanuel III. One of the important negotiators was Cardinal Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII. In 1871 the unity of... Read more
	Lombards Lombards , ancient Germanic people. By the 1st cent. AD the Lombards were settled along the lower Elbe. After obscure migrations they were allowed (547) by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I to settle in Pannonia and Noricum (modern Hungary and E Austria). In 568, under the leadership of Alboin , they... Read more
	Civitavecchia Civitavecchia , city (1991 pop. 51,201), in Latium, W central Italy, on the Tyrrhenian Sea. The harbor, favored by Trajan (early 2d cent. AD), is still the chief port of Rome. It also handles traffic for the Terni industrial area and is the main maritime link with Sardinia. Industries produce... Read more
	Odoacer Odoacer or Odovacar , c.435-493, chieftain of the Heruli, the Sciri, and the Rugii (see Germans ). He and his troops were mercenaries in the service of Rome, but in 476 the Heruli revolted and proclaimed Odoacer their king. Odoacer defeated the Roman general Orestes at Piacenza, took Ravenna... Read more
	Italy Italy Ĭt´elē , Ital. Italia, officially Italian Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 58,103,000), 116,303 sq mi (301,225 sq km), S Europe. It borders on France in the northwest, the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea in the west, the Ionian Sea in the south, the Adriatic Sea in the... Read more
	Agrigento Agrigento , Lat. Agrigentum, city (1991 pop. 55,283), capital of Agrigento prov., S Sicily, Italy, on a hill above the Mediterranean Sea. It is an agricultural market and a tourist center, but per capita income is among the lowest in Italy. Sulfur and potash are mined. Founded c.580 BC as Acragas... Read more
	Ostia Ostia , ancient city of Italy, originally at the mouth of the Tiber but now inland as the Tiber delta has grown. It was founded (4th cent. BC) as a protection for Rome, then developed (from the 1st cent. BC) as a Roman port, rivaling Puteoli. Augustus, Claudius I, Trajan, and Hadrian expanded the... Read more
	Alboin Alboin , d. 572?, first Lombard king in Italy (569-572?). With the Avars he defeated the Gepidae (see Germans ). He then led (568) an army across the Alps into Italy, took (569) Milan, and after a three-year siege conquered Pavia, which became his capital. He won most of N and central Italy from... Read more