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Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein , 1937-2006, Iraqi political leader. A member of the Ba'ath party , he fled Iraq after participating (1959) in an assassination attempt on the country's prime minister; in Egypt he attended law school. Returning to Iraq in 1963 after the Ba'athists briefly came to power, he played a... Read more
Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr
Ahmad Hasan al- Bakr , 1914-82, president of Iraq (1968-79). He served as an officer in the Iraqi army but was forced to retire (1958) because of his participation in revolutionary activities. A member of the Ba'ath party , an ultranationalist left-wing group, he became prime minister after the... Read more
Iyad Allawi Iyad Allawi
Iyad Allawi1945 • Adhamiyah, IraqFormer prime minister of IraqFor nearly thirty years Iraq-born Iyad Allawi lived in Great Britain, where he was known for his skills as a neurologist (brain doctor). At the same time, he was an important player in Iraqi underground (secret) politics. In the 1960s... Read more
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , 1900-1989, Iranian Shiite religious leader. Educated in Islam at home and in theological schools, in the 1950s he was designated ayatollah, a supreme religious leader, in the Iranian Shiite community. Khomeini's criticisms of Reza Shah Pahlevi led to his exile in... Read more
Moktada al-Sadr Moktada al-Sadr
Moktada al- Sadr , 1973?-, Iraqi Shiite cleric. The son of Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, who was assassinated in 1999 (presumably by Saddam Hussein 's secret police), he emerged after the American invasion of Iraq as a savvy, militantly Islamist and anti-American leader, with significant... Read more
gulf gulf
gulf Gulf War the war of January and February 1991 in which an international coalition of forces assembled in Saudi Arabia under the auspices of the United Nations forced the withdrawal of Saddam Hussein's Iraqi forces from Kuwait, which they had invaded and occupied in August 1990.Gulf War... Read more
Abu Ghraib Abu Ghraib
Abu Ghraib or Abu Ghurayb , infamous prison located in the town of Abu Ghraib, c.20 mi (32 km) W of Baghdad, Iraq. Built by British contractors in the 1960s, it occupies c.280 acres (113 hectares) and is comprised of five separate compounds. During Saddam Hussein 's regime, Abu Ghraib was... Read more
Persian Gulf War Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf War ¦ JUDSON KNIGHT The Persian Gulf War, in which a coalition led by the United States drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in early 1991, was one of the most successful campaigns in history. At a cost of less than 300 Allied lives, coalition troops, whose... Read more
Iran-Iraq War Iran-Iraq War
Iran-Iraq War 1980-88, protracted military conflict between Iran and Iraq. It officially began on Sept. 22, 1980, with an Iraqi land and air invasion of western Iran, although Iraqi spokespersons maintained that Iran had been engaging in artillery attacks on Iraqi towns since Sept. 4. Iraqi... Read more
Gulf War Gulf War
Gulf War (January 16, 1991–February 28, 1991) Military action by a US-led coalition of 32 states to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait (August 2, 1990) and claimed it as an Iraqi province. On August 7, 1990, Operation Desert Shield began a mass deployment of... Read more

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