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obbligato
obbligato [Ital.,=obligatory], in music, originally a term by which a composer indicated that a certain part was indispensable to the music. Obbligato was thus the direct opposite to ad libitum [Lat.,=at will], which indicated that the part so marked was unessential and might be omitted. Misunderst...
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Robert Montgomery Bird
Robert Montgomery Bird 1806-54, American playwright and novelist, b. New Castle, Del., M.D. Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1827. He wrote several prizewinning verse plays for the actor Edwin Forrest , notably The Gladiator (1831) and The Broker of Bogota (1834). A financial misunderstanding led to a b...
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Arianism
Arianism , Christian heresy founded by Arius in the 4th cent. It was one of the most widespread and divisive heresies in the history of Christianity. As a priest in Alexandria, Arius taught (c.318) that God created, before all things, a Son who was the first creature, but who was neither equal to ...
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international language
international language sometimes called universal language, a language intended to be used by people of different linguistic backgrounds to facilitate communication among them and to reduce the misunderstandings and antagonisms caused by language differences. An international language is usually in...
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Charles Baudelaire
Charles Baudelaire , 1821-67, French poet and critic. His poetry, classical in form, introduced symbolism (see symbolists ) by establishing symbolic correspondences among sensory images (e.g., colors, sounds, scents). The only volume of his poems published in his lifetime, Les Fleurs du mal (1857...
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Orthodox Eastern Church
Orthodox Eastern Church community of Christian churches whose chief strength is in the Middle East and E Europe. Their members number over 250 million worldwide. The Orthodox agree doctrinally in accepting as ecumenical the first seven councils (see council, ecumenical ) and in rejecting the juris...
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Monophysitism
Monophysitism [Gr.,=belief in one nature], a heresy of the 5th and 6th cent., which grew out of a reaction against Nestorianism . It was anticipated by Apollinarianism and was continuous with the principles of Eutyches , whose doctrine had been rejected in 451 at Chalcedon (see Chalcedon, Coun...
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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov , 1860-1904, Russian short-story writer, dramatist, and physician, b. Taganrog. The son of a grocer and grandson of a serf, Chekhov earned enduring international acclaim for his stories and plays. His early works, broad humorous sketches and tales published under a pseudonym,...
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evolution
evolution concept that embodies the belief that existing animals and plants developed by a process of gradual, continuous change from previously existing forms. This theory, also known as descent with modification, constitutes organic evolution. Inorganic evolution, on the other hand, is concerned ...
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John Henry Newman
John Henry Newman 1801-90, English churchman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, one of the founders of the Oxford movement , b. London.
Early Life and Works
He studied at Trinity College, Oxford, and held a fellowship at Oriel College, where he became tutor (1826) after his ordinati...
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