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Socinianism
Socinianism , anti-Trinitarian religious movement organized in Poland in the 16th cent. by Faustus Socinus . Antecedents of the movement were such Italian humanist reformers as Bernardino Ochino, Georgio Blandrata, and Laelius Socinus , who fled to Poland from persecution first in Italy and then... Read more |
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anti-Semitism
anti-Semitism , form of prejudice against Jews , ranging from antipathy to violent hatred. Before the 19th cent., anti-Semitism was largely religious and was expressed in the later Middle Ages by sporadic persecutions and expulsions—notably the expulsion from Spain under Ferdinand and... Read more |
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refugee
refugee one who leaves one's native land either because of expulsion or to escape persecution. The legal problem of accepting refugees is discussed under asylum ; this article considers only mass dislocations and the organizations that help refugees. The Rise of International Refugee... Read more |
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Hui-chang persecution
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Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution 1966-76, mass mobilization of urban Chinese youth inaugurated by Mao Zedong in an attempt to prevent the development of a bureaucratized Soviet style of Communism. Mao closed schools and encouraged students to join Red Guard units, which denunciated and persecuted Chinese... Read more |
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Alexander III
Alexander III 1845-94, czar of Russia (1881-94), son and successor of Alexander II . Factors that contributed to Alexander's reactionary policies included his father's assassination, his limited intelligence and education, his military background, and the influence of such advisers as Konstantin... Read more |
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Robert Leighton
Robert Leighton 1611-84, Scottish prelate and classical scholar. After several years in France, where he seems to have developed an admiration for the Jansenists, he became (1641) a Presbyterian minister in Midlothian and signed the Covenant in 1643 (see Covenanters ). A noted preacher, he was... Read more |
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Clement of Alexandria
Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens), d. c.215, Greek theologian. Born in Athens, he traveled widely and was converted to Christianity. He studied and taught at the catechetical school in Alexandria until the persecution of 202. Origen was his pupil there. He probably died in Caesarea,... Read more |
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Hideyoshi
Hideyoshi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi) , 1536-98, Japanese warrior and dictator. He entered the service of Nobunaga as his sandal holder and rose to become his leading general. After Nobunaga's death Hideyoshi ruled as civilian dictator. He set out to unify Japan, violently disrupted by a century of... Read more |
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Kaspar von Schwenkfeld
Kaspar von Schwenkfeld , 1490-1561, German religious reformer. Schwenkfeld was in court service with the duke of Liegnitz from 1510 to c.1522. He visited Wittenberg during Martin Luther's absence at the Wartburg and there met the radical reformers Thomas Münzer and Carlstadt. Returning to... Read more |
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