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ransom
ransom price of redemption demanded by the captor of a person, vessel, or city. In ancient times cities frequently paid ransom to prevent their plundering by captors. The custom of ransoming was formerly sanctioned by law. Soldiers, given the right to kill or enslave their prisoners, frequently... Read more |
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feudal aids
feudal aids. In the English feudal society which followed the Norman Conquest, custom permitted the king, at times of exceptionally heavy expenditure, to take an ‘aid’ (auxilium) from his tenants-in-chief; a lord, similarly, could exact an aid from his free tenants. There was continual... Read more |
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Charles III (Emperor of the West)
Charles III or Charles the Fat, 839-88, emperor of the West (881-87), king of the East Franks (882-87), and king of the West Franks (884-87); son of Louis the German , at whose death he inherited Swabia (876). He succeeded to the East Frankish or German kingship after the deaths of his... Read more |
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Archibald Douglas 4th earl of Douglas
Archibald Douglas, 4th earl of Douglas 1369-1424, Scottish nobleman, called Tyneman [loser]; 2d son of Archibald Douglas, 3d earl of Douglas. In 1390 he married Margaret Stuart, daughter of Robert III. He held Edinburgh against the English when Henry IV invaded in 1400. In 1402 Douglas was tried... Read more |
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Robert Penn Warren
Robert Penn Warren 1905-89, American novelist, poet, and critic, b. Guthrie, Ky., grad. Vanderbilt Univ. 1925; M.A., Univ. of California 1927; B.Litt., Oxford 1930. At Vanderbilt he became associated with John Crowe Ransom and the group of Southern agrarian poets who made the Fugitive (1922-25)... Read more |
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John Holand 1st duke of Exeter
Exeter, John Holand, 1st duke of (1395–1447). Henry V, in his policy of reconciliation, restored Holand in 1416 to the earldom forfeited in 1400 by his father, the 1st duke. He earned restitution by service in the French war from 1415 to 1421, when he was captured at Baugé. Ransomed... Read more |
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Battle of Bremule
Brémule, battle of, 1119. Fought on 20 August between Henry I and Louis VI of France. Louis invaded Normandy in support of William Clito's claim to the duchy and was keen to bring Henry to battle. His enthusiasm led him to launch poorly controlled cavalry attacks against the English and... Read more |
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treaty of Calais
Calais, treaty of, 1360. By this treaty, based on terms agreed at Brétigny in May, Edward III gained Aquitaine, Poitou, Ponthieu, Guînes, and Calais in full sovereignty, giving up in return his claim to the French throne and to Normandy, Anjou, and Maine, and agreeing to ransom the... Read more |
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John the Fearless
John the Fearless 1371-1419, duke of Burgundy (1404-19); son of Philip the Bold . He fought against the Turks at Nikopol in 1396 and was a prisoner for a year until he was ransomed. He continued his father's feud with Louis, duc d' Orléans , brother of King Charles VI, and became popular... Read more |
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Atahualpa
Atahualpa , d. 1533, favorite son of Huayna Capac, Inca of Peru. At his father's death (1525) he received the kingdom of Quito while his half brother, the legitimate heir Huáscar , inherited the rest of the Inca empire. Shortly before the arrival (1532) of Francisco Pizarro , Atahualpa... Read more |
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