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	Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton 1874-1922, British antarctic explorer, b. Ireland. The first of his voyages to Antarctica was made as a member of the expedition (1901-4) of Robert F. Scott . Shackleton was invalided home in 1903, but the experience gained on the Scott expedition aided him greatly as... Read more
	Vilhjalmur Stefansson Wilkins, Sir George Hubert (1888–1958), Australian polar explorer, born at Mount Bryan East, South Australia. He served as second in command and photographer to the Canadian Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879–1962) on the latter's third expedition to the Canadian Arctic in 1913. He left it... Read more
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	Sir Robert Falcon Scott Scott, Sir Robert Falcon (1868–1912). Scott had entered the navy as a boy in 1880 and by 1897 was a lieutenant and torpedo officer. He was noticed by Sir Clements Markham whose influence led to his appointment as leader of the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society Antarctic... Read more
	Sir Douglas Mawson Sir Douglas Mawson 1882-1958, Australian antarctic explorer and geologist, b. England. His first geographical expedition was to the New Hebrides Islands as a geologist in 1903. As a member of the scientific staff of Sir Ernest Shackleton's south polar expedition (1907-9), Mawson took part in the... Read more
	Robert Clive Baron Clive of Plassey Robert Clive, Baron Clive of Plassey , 1725-74, British soldier and statesman. He went to India in 1743 as a clerk for the British East India Company and entered the military service of the company in 1744; he soon distinguished himself in the fighting against the French. Clive's brilliant capture... Read more
	Peter the Hermit Peter the Hermit c.1050-1115, French religious leader. In 1095 he was a very successful preacher of the First Crusade (see Crusades ), and he led one of its bands. In 1096 he reached Constantinople with his undisciplined followers; when they arrived in Asia Minor, Peter went back to get help from... Read more
	Santa Fe Trail Santa Fe Trail important caravan route of the W United States, extending c.780 mi (1,260 km) from Independence, Mo., SW to Santa Fe, N.Mex. Independence and Westport, Mo., were the chief points where wagons, teams, and supplies were obtained. From there, the trail led 150 mi (241 km) SW to Council... Read more
	David Livingstone David Livingstone , 1813-73, Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa, the first European to cross the African continent. From 1841 to 1852, while a medical missionary for the London Missionary Society in what is now Botswana, he crossed the Kalahari desert and reached (1849) Lake Ngami. He... Read more