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Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars 1803-15, the wars waged by or against France under Napoleon I. For a discussion of them see under Napoleon I .
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Ercole Consalvi
Ercole Consalvi , 1757-1824, Italian cardinal and papal diplomat. In his first term (1800-1806) as secretary of state for Pope Pius VII he negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon Bonaparte (later Emperor Napoleon I). Despite Consalvi's astute diplomacy, Napoleon annexed the papal states in ...
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Alexander I
Alexander I 1777-1825, czar of Russia (1801-25), son of Paul I (in whose murder he may have taken an indirect part). In the first years of his reign the liberalism of his Swiss tutor, Frédéric César de La Harpe , seemed to influence Alexander. He suppressed the secret police...
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Andrea Appiani
Andrea Appiani , 1754-1817, Italian neoclassical painter and Italian court painter of Napoleon I, active in Lombardy. His frescoes include work in churches and palaces of Milan. In his portraits his style anticipated the romantic approach. Portraits of Napoleon (1796; Bellagio) and Canova are among ...
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battle of Pyramids
battle of Pyramids July, 1798, during the French Revolutionary Wars, battle fought between the French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and the Egyptian Mamluks led by Murad Bey. Napoleon's victory gave the French access to Cairo and brief control over Egypt .
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Sir William Sidney Smith
Sir William Sidney Smith 1764-1840, British admiral. He was a distinguished commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and is especially remembered for his defense of Acre against Napoleon in 1799.
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Sir Hudson Lowe
Sir Hudson Lowe , 1769-1844, British general. He fought with credit throughout the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, mainly in the Mediterranean region, and served (1815-21) as governor of St. Helena and custodian of Napoleon I. He was criticized severely for his alleged mistreatment of the ...
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Hundred Days
Hundred Days name given to the period after the return of the deposed French emperor, Napoleon I , from Elba. The Hundred Days are counted from Mar. 20, 1815, when Napoleon arrived in Paris, to June 28, 1815, when Louis XVIII was restored for the second time as king, following Napoleon's disastrou...
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Napoleon II
Napoleon II 1811-32, son of Napoleon I and Marie Louise , known as the king of Rome (1811-14), as the prince of Parma (1814-18), and after that as the duke of Reichstadt. Napoleon's abdication in 1815 was in favor of his son, so that he was known to the Bonapartists as Napoleon II, although he nev...
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Michel Ney
Michel Ney , 1769-1815, marshal of France. Called "the bravest of the brave" by Napoleon I, Ney, a cooper's son from Saarlouis, rapidly rose to glory in the French Revolution. He distinguished himself in the campaigns of 1794 and 1795, commanded the army of the Rhine briefly in 1799, seized Elch...
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