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John Scotus Erigena
John Scotus Erigena [Lat. Scotus =Irish, Erigena =born in Ireland], c.810-c.877, scholastic philosopher, born in Ireland. About 847 he was invited by Charles II, king of the West Franks (later Holy Roman emperor), to take charge of the court school at Paris. At Charles's request he translated the...
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Yellow Emperor
Yellow Emperor Mandarin Huangdi, legendary Chinese ruler and culture hero; tradition holds that he reigned from 2697 BC to 2597 BC He is one of the mythical prehistoric emperors who supposedly created the basic elements of Chinese civilization. His wife is said to have developed silk production. ...
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Innocent VI
Innocent VI d. 1362, pope (1352-62), a Frenchman named Étienne Aubert; successor of Clement VI. He was a well-known jurist and was created cardinal in 1342. He lived at Avignon. He was one of the few reforming popes of his age, doing his best to eliminate venality from church administration....
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Schmalkaldic League
Schmalkaldic League , alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities. It was created in response to the threat (1530) by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to stamp out Lutheranism. Led by Philip of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony, the league grew rap...
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Lawrence Tibbett
Lawrence Tibbett , 1896-1960, American baritone, b. Bakersfield, Calif. He made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera House in 1923. After a successful appearance as Ford in Verdi's Falstaff, he was given leading roles and became especially noted for those he created in American operas, including Lo...
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Confederation of the Rhine
Confederation of the Rhine league of German states formed by Emperor Napoleon I in 1806 after his defeat of the Austrians at Austerlitz . Among its members were the newly created kingdoms of Bavaria and Württenberg (see Pressburg, Treaty of ), the grand duchies of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and...
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Lucius III
Lucius III d. 1185, pope (1181-85), a native of Lucca named Ubaldo Allucingoli; successor of Alexander III. He was a Cistercian with St. Bernard and was created a cardinal in 1141 by Innocent II. He was a successful diplomat under Alexander, notably in the peace negotiations (1177) with Roman Emper...
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Holstein
Holstein former duchy, N central Germany, the part of Schleswig-Holstein S of the Eider River. Kiel and Rendsburg were the chief cities. For a description of Holstein and for its history after 1814, see Schleswig-Holstein . For a time part of the duchy of Saxony, Holstein was created (1111) a coun...
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Honorius III
Honorius III d. 1227, pope (1216-27), a Roman named Cencio Savelli; successor of Innocent III. He was created cardinal in 1197 and was an able administrator of the papal treasury. He authored the official tax book of the Roman church, listing all religious and secular institutions owing dues to the...
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Martin IV
Martin IV d. 1285, pope (1281-85), a Frenchman named Simon de Brie; successor of Nicholas III. He was chancellor under Louis IX of France and was created cardinal by Urban IV. He was thus a supporter of the Angevin dynasty in S Italy and Sicily. In supporting the design of Charles of Anjou (see ...
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