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dialectical materialism
dialectical materialism official philosophy of Communism, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , as elaborated by G. V. Plekhanov , V. I. Lenin , and Joseph Stalin . In theory dialectical materialism is meant to provide both a general world view and a specific method for th...
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phlogiston theory
phlogiston theory , hypothesis regarding combustion. The theory, advanced by J. J. Becher late in the 17th cent. and extended and popularized by G. E. Stahl, postulates that in all flammable materials there is present phlogiston, a substance without color, odor, taste, or weight that is given off in...
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archaeology
archaeology [Gr.,=study of beginnings], a branch of anthropology that seeks to document and explain continuity and change and similarities and differences among human cultures. Archaeologists work with the material remains of cultures, past and present, providing the only source of information av...
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monazite
monazite , yellow to reddish-brown natural phosphate of the rare earths , mainly the cerium and lanthanum metals, usually with some thorium . Yttrium, calcium, iron, and silica are frequently present. Monazite sand is the crude natural material and is usually purified from other minerals befor...
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scherzo
scherzo [Ital.,=joke], in music, term denoting various types of composition, primarily one that is lively and presents surprises in the rhythmic or melodic material. In 1607 a group of light pieces for voice were published by Monteverdi as scherzi musicali. In the symphonies and string quartets o...
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University of Toledo
University of Toledo at Toledo, Ohio; coeducational; chartered 1872, opened 1875, and received its first municipal support in 1884. Its present name was adopted in 1940, and in 1967 the university was transferred to the state. In 2007 it added the Health Science Campus (formerly the Medical Univ. o...
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Manuel Estrada Cabrera
Manuel Estrada Cabrera , 1857-1924, president of Guatemala (1898-1920). He ruled as an absolute dictator, and there were several revolutionary movements and attempts on his life. Under his rule, Guatemala achieved material progress through advances in agriculture, construction, and public health. Es...
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William Dunlap
William Dunlap , 1766-1839, American dramatist and theatrical manager, b. Perth Amboy, N.J. Inspired by the success of The Contrast by Royall Tyler, he began to write plays for the American Company (see Hallam, Lewis ). His second comedy, The Father; or, American Shandyism, produced in 1789, wa...
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Paul Leicester Ford
Paul Leicester Ford , 1865-1902, American historian and novelist, b. Brooklyn, N.Y. His father, Gordon L. Ford, then possessed probably the best library of Americana in the country; Paul edited, with his brother Worthington Chauncey Ford, rare material from this library in Winnowings in American Hi...
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realism
realism in art, the movement of the mid-19th cent. formed in reaction against the severely academic production of the French school. Realist painters sought to portray what they saw without idealizing it, choosing their subjects from the commonplaces of everyday life. Major realists included Gustav...
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