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Forbes Burnham
Forbes Burnham 1923-85, prime minister (1964-80) and president (1980-85) of Guyana, formerly British Guiana. His full name was Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham. Of African descent, he received a law degree (1947) from the Univ. of London. Returning home, he founded (1950), with Cheddi Jagan , a polit...
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affirmative action
affirmative action in the United States, programs to overcome the effects of past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. The policy was implemented by federal agencies enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and two execu...
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Ebenezer Erskine
Ebenezer Erskine , 1680-1754, founder of the Secession Church in Scotland, minister of Portmoak, Kinross-shire (1703) and of Stirling (1731). He upheld the right of the people to make their own choice of pastors, for which he was censured, suspended, and deposed (1733). With three other ministers he...
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Bishops' Wars
Bishops' Wars two brief campaigns (1639 and 1640) of the Scots against Charles I of England. When Charles attempted to strengthen episcopacy in Scotland by imposing (1637) the English Book of Common Prayer, the Scots countered by pledging themselves in the National Covenant (1638) to restore Presby...
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Albert Brisbane
Albert Brisbane , 1809-90, American social theorist, b. Batavia, N.Y. After studying with Charles Fourier in Paris, he returned to the United States as an enthusiastic advocate of Fourierism. His Social Destiny of Man (1840) aroused widespread interest, especially that of Horace Greeley, who gav...
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Demetrius II
Demetrius II (Demetrius Nicator) , d. c.125 BC, king of ancient Syria, son of Demetrius I. He was aided against the usurper, Alexander Balas, by Ptolemy VI (Ptolemy Philometer). He married Ptolemy's daughter, Cleopatra Thea, even though she was already married to Alexander Balas. Demetrius ascende...
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Tehran Conference
Tehran Conference Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943, meeting of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Premier Joseph Stalin at Tehran, Iran. The conference was held to strengthen the cooperation of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR in World War II. It followed t...
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Bohemond I
Bohemond I , c.1056-1111, prince of Antioch (1099-1111), a leader in the First Crusade (see Crusades ); elder son of Robert Guiscard . With his father he fought (1081-85) against the Byzantine emperor Alexius I . When his father's duchy of Apulia passed to his younger brother Roger, Bohemond made...
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Council of Ephesus
Council of Ephesus 431, 3d ecumenical council, convened by Theodosius II, emperor of the East, and Valentinian III, emperor of the West, to deal with the controversy over Nestorianism . Adherents of both parties attended; St. Cyril , patriarch of Alexandria, had the support of Pope Celestine I ...
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Stephen Gardiner
Stephen Gardiner 1493?-1555, English prelate. He was educated at Cambridge. He became secretary to Thomas (later Cardinal) Wolsey and later secured the favor of Henry VIII by a mission to Rome to further the king's plans for divorce from Katharine of Aragón. He was made bishop of Wincheste...
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