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Mohammad Zia ul-Haq
Mohammad Zia ul-Haq 1924-88, Pakistani military and political leader. Named general and chief of staff by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1976, he declared martial law in July, 1977, in response to agitations against election fraud. He imprisoned Bhutto, later (1979) executing him. Zia became president in... Read more |
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election
election choosing a candidate for office in an organization by the vote of those enfranchised to cast a ballot . General History In ancient Greek democracies (e.g., Athens) public officials were occasionally elected but more often were chosen by lot. In Rome the popular assemblies elected the... Read more |
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Maximilien Marie Isidore Robespierre
Maximilien Marie Isidore Robespierre , 1758-94, one of the leading figures of the French Revolution . Early Life A poor youth, he was enabled to study law in Paris through a scholarship. He won admiration for his abilities, but his austerity and dedication isolated him from easy companionship.... Read more |
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John Nance Garner
John Nance Garner 1868-1967, Vice President of the United States (1933-41), b. Red River co., Tex. A lawyer, he served (1898-1902) in the Texas legislature and then (1902) was elected to Congress. His senior standing made him (1921) the ranking minority member of the Committee on Ways and Means,... Read more |
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referendum
referendum referral of proposed laws or constitutional amendments to the electorate for final approval. This direct form of legislation, along with the initiative , was known in Greece and other early democracies. Today, these legislative devices are widely used in certain countries, most notably... Read more |
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William Charles Coles Claiborne
William Charles Coles Claiborne 1775-1817, governor of Louisiana, b. Sussex co., Va. He began law practice in Sullivan co., Tenn., and was appointed a judge of the state supreme court in 1796. As a Congressman (1797-1801) he supported Jefferson, and in 1801 the President made him governor of... Read more |
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Sir John Henry Brand
Sir John Henry Brand or Jan Hendrik Brand , 1823-88, South African politician, president of the Orange Free State, b. Capetown. He was called to the English bar in 1849 and practiced law in South Africa. In 1863 he was elected president of the struggling Orange Free State and immediately made... Read more |
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Presidential Elections
ELECTIONS, PRESIDENTIAL This entry contains 48 subentries, comprising an overview and brief accounts of each election from 1789 to 2000. Overview Presidential elections have taken place in the United States quadrennially, beginning in 1789. They include both the process of candidate... Read more |
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Constituent Assembly
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY The All-Russian Constituent Assembly, which opened and closed on January 5, 1918, was elected to draft a constitution for the new Russian state. Prior to 1917, most oppositionist parties agreed that a democratically elected assembly should determine Russia's political future.... Read more |
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Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar , 1901-73, president of Cuba (1940-44, 1952-59). An army sergeant, Batista took part in the overthrow of Gerardo Machado in 1933 and subsequently headed the military and student junta that ousted Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and installed Ramón ... Read more |
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