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Jean Jacques Dessalines
Jean Jacques Dessalines , c.1758-1806, emperor of Haiti (1804-6), born a slave. A shrewd general, he served under Toussaint L'Ouverture in the wars that liberated Haiti. His barbaric cruelty against the mulattoes whom Toussaint was unable to control led to a bitter struggle with the mulatto leader...
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Rousseau , 1712-78, Swiss-French philosopher, author, political theorist, and composer.
Life and Works
Rousseau was born at Geneva, the son of a Calvinist watchmaker. His mother died shortly after his birth, his father abandoned him about a decade later, and his upbringing was...
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Jacques Santer
Jacques Santer (Jean Jacques Santer) , 1937-, Luxembourg political leader and European statesman. A lawyer and economist, he entered politics as a member of the Christian Social party in 1965 and later held several ministerial posts, notably finance minister (1979-84). Santer became Luxembourg's p...
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Jacques Delors
Jacques Delors (Jacques Lucien Jean Delors) 1925-, French economist and politician and European statesman, president (1985-95) of the European Commission. Beginning in the 1940s, he held a series of posts in French banking and state planning, eventually becoming (1969) an adviser to Gaullist Prim...
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Jacques Necker
Jacques Necker , 1732-1804, French financier and statesman, b. Geneva, Switzerland. In 1750 he went to Paris and entered banking. He rose rapidly to importance, established a bank of his own, and became a director of the French East India Company. As a writer, Necker opposed the then fashionable ph...
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Jacques René Chirac
Jacques René Chirac , 1932-, French political leader, president of France (1995-2007), b. Paris. He attended the National School of Administration, joined the civil service, and began his political career in 1961 working for Premier Georges Pompidou . Elected to the National Assembly in 1967...
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Jean Paul Marat
Jean Paul Marat , 1743-93, French revolutionary, b. Switzerland. He studied medicine in England, acquired some repute as a doctor in London and Paris, and wrote scientific and medical works (some in English), but was frustrated in his attempts to win official recognition for his work. His Philosoph...
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Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Jean-Pierre Raffarin , 1948-, French politician. From a political family, he began his career in business and served as a spokesman for a labor minister in the late 1970s before returning to the private sector. A conservative, Raffarin turned permanently to politics in 1988 when he became president ...
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Jean-Marie Le Pen
Jean-Marie Le Pen , 1928-, French politician. He graduated from law school, was elected (1956) a parliamentary deputy, and criticized President de Gaulle 's Algerian policy. Since 1972 he has led the extremely right-wing National Front. His views against immigration and his support for national def...
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emperor
emperor [Lat. imperator =one holding supreme power, especially applied to generals], the sovereign head of an empire. In the Roman republic the term imperator referred to the chief military commander and was used only on the battlefield. It was first used continuously by Julius Caesar and was re...
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