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sleep
sleep resting state in which an individual becomes relatively quiescent and relatively unaware of the environment. During sleep, which is in part a period of rest and relaxation, most physiological functions such as body temperature, blood pressure, and rate of breathing and heartbeat decrease. How...
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Milarepa
Milarepa , 1040-1143, saint and poet of Tibetan Buddhism . He was the second patriarch of the Kargyupa sect, the first being Milarepa's guru Marpa (1012-97), who studied under Naropa, the Bengali master of Tantra, at Nalanda. Milarepa's autobiography recounts how in his youth he practiced black mag...
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Hubert de Burgh
Hubert de Burgh , d. 1243, chief justiciar of England under kings John and Henry III . Having served as a royal minister and commander in France, he was appointed justiciar by John in 1215. He continued in this position after John's death (1216) and in 1217 took part in the defeat of the French fle...
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Antony
Antony or Marc Antony, Lat. Marcus Antonius, c.83 BC-30 BC, Roman politican and soldier. He was of a distinguished family; his mother was a relative of Julius Caesar . Antony was notorious from his youth for riotous living, but even his enemies admitted his courage.
Antony and Caesar
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Slaughterhouse Cases
Slaughterhouse Cases cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873. In 1869 the Louisiana legislature granted a 25-year monopoly to a slaughterhouse concern in New Orleans for the stated purpose of protecting the people's health. Other slaughterhouse operators barred from their trade brought suit...
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collective bargaining
collective bargaining in labor relations, procedure whereby an employer or employers agree to discuss the conditions of work by bargaining with representatives of the employees, usually a labor union. Its purpose may be either a discussion of the terms and conditions of employment (wages, work hour...
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cirrhosis
cirrhosis , degeneration of tissue in an organ resulting in fibrosis, with nodule and scar formation. The term is most often used in relation to the liver, because that organ is most often involved in cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver interferes with the liver's metabolism of nutrients, detoxificati...
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fakir
fakir , [Arab.,=poverty], in Islam, usually an initiate in a Sufi order. The title fakir is borne with the understanding that poverty is the need to be in relation to God. This term, along with its Persian equivalent, dervish, was extended in Western usage to Indian ascetics and yogis, and incorre...
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fraud
fraud in law, willful misrepresentation intended to deprive another of some right. The offense, generally only a tort , may also constitute the crime of false pretenses. Frauds are either actual or constructive. An actual fraud requires that the act be motivated by the desire to deceive another to...
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Ramayana
Ramayana [story of Rama], classical Sanskrit epic of India, probably composed in the 3d cent. BC Based on numerous legends, it is traditionally the work of Valmiki, one of the minor characters. The epic was revised and set down in its best-known form by the poet Tulsi Das (1532-1623). The Ramayana...
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