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Victor Emmanuel III
Victor Emmanuel III 1869-1947, king of Italy (1900-1946), emperor of Ethiopia (1936-43), king of Albania (1939-43), son and successor of Humbert I. In 1896 he married Princess Helena of Montenegro. Though involved with Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance, he sought cordial relations ...
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Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II 1820-78, king of Sardinia (1849-61) and first king of united Italy (1861-78). He fought in the war of 1848-49 against Austrian rule in Lombardy-Venetia and ascended the throne when his father, Charles Albert , abdicated after the defeat at Novara. With the skillful collaboration...
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Alexander III
Alexander III d. 1181, pope (1159-81), a Sienese named Rolandus [Bandinelli?], successor of Adrian IV. He was a canonist who had studied law under Gratian and had taught at Bologna. He came to Rome under Eugene III, was made a cardinal, and became a trusted adviser of Adrian IV. Alexander's electio...
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Victor Marie Hugo, Vicomte
Victor Marie Hugo, Vicomte , 1802-85, French poet, dramatist, and novelist, b. Besançon. His father was a general under Napoleon. As a child he was taken to Italy and Spain and at a very early age had published his first book of poems, resolving "to be Chateaubriand or nothing." The prefa...
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Luigi Cadorna
Luigi Cadorna , 1850-1928, Italian field marshal. His father, Raffaele Cadorna, was a general in the wars of the Risorgimento and took Rome in 1870. Luigi Cadorna, a count, became the head of the army general staff and reorganized the Italian army before World War I. Until the Italian defeat at Capo...
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Pietro Badoglio
Pietro Badoglio , 1871-1956, Italian soldier and public official. After serving in World War I, he was governor of Libya (1929-33) and succeeded Gen. Emilio de Bono as commander in chief in the Ethiopian conquest, which he brought (1936) to a victorious end. Created duke of Addis Ababa, he was brief...
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house of Savoy
house of Savoy dynasty of Western Europe that ruled Savoy and Piedmont from the 11th cent., the kingdom of Sicily from 1714 to 1718, the kingdom of Sardinia from 1720 to 1861, and the kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946. Collateral branches of the house of Savoy include that of Nemours.
Savoy ...
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Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino , monastery, in Latium, central Italy, E of the Rapido River. Situated on a hill (1,674 ft/510 m) overlooking Cassino, it was founded c.529 by St. Benedict of Nursia, whose rule became that of all Benedictine houses in the world. Monte Cassino was throughout the centuries one of the ...
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Zog
Zog , 1895-1961, king of Albania. Originally Ahmad Zogu, he came from a Muslim family and served in the Austrian army in World War I. He became Albanian minister of the interior in 1920, minister of war in 1921, and premier in 1922. A revolution in 1924 led to his flight, but he returned with Yugosl...
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Urban II
Urban II c.1042-1099, pope (1088-99), a Frenchman named Odo (or Eudes) of Lagery; successor of Victor III. He studied at Reims and became a monk at Cluny. He went to Rome, as prior of Cluny, early in the reign of St. Gregory VII. The pope kept him there, finding in Odo one of his ablest assistants ...
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