|
Paul II
Paul II 1417-71, pope (1464-71), a Venetian named Pietro Barbo; successor of Pius II. He was a nephew of Eugene IV. A Renaissance pope, he patronized printing, beautified and improved Rome, and collected antiquities. Paul, like Pius II, was involved in struggles with the Bohemian George of Podebrad...
Read more
|
|
|
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Antonio López de Santa Anna , 1794-1876, Mexican general and politician. He fought in the royalist army, but later joined Iturbide in the struggle that won independence for Mexico (1821). Santa Anna then entered upon a long and tortuous political career. His actions were governed by opportu...
Read more
|
|
|
Arnold of Brescia
Arnold of Brescia , c.1090-1155, Italian monk and reformer, b. Brescia. A priest of irreproachable life, Arnold studied at Paris, where according to tradition he was a pupil of Peter Abelard. He first gained prominence in a struggle at Brescia between the bishop and the city government. Arnold becam...
Read more
|
|
|
Battle of the Dunes
Battle of the Dunes 1658, decisive engagement fought near Dunkirk in the struggle between France and Spain that had resulted from Spanish intervention in the Fronde . The Spanish under the command of Don John of Austria and Louis II de Condé lost to the French and their English allies under...
Read more
|
|
|
First Council of Lyons
First Council of Lyons , 1245, 13th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convened at Lyons, France, by Pope Innocent IV to deal with his struggle with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II . In spite of the defense of Frederick by his ambassador, he was declared deposed by the council. The ...
Read more
|
|
|
natural selection
natural selection (‘survival of the fittest’) A complex process in which the total environment determines which members of a species survive to reproduce and so pass on their genes to the next generation. This need not necessarily involve a struggle between organisms....
Read more
|
|
|
Red Guards
Red Guards in Chinese history, politically active students of the Cultural Revolution (1966-69), who organized units to carry out Mao Zedong 's aim of rerevolutionizing Chinese society. As their numbers grew, the units engaged in factional struggles, and in 1968 Mao suppressed the movement.
...
Read more
|
|
|
John Comyn
John Comyn d. 1306, Scottish nobleman. He was called the Red Comyn, to distinguish him from his father, the Black Comyn. Aiding his uncle, John de Baliol , in the struggle against Edward I, he was for a time held hostage by the English. After the rout of the Scottish troops at Falkirk (1298), he w...
Read more
|
|
Alexander III
Alexander III d. 1181, pope (1159-81), a Sienese named Rolandus [Bandinelli?], successor of Adrian IV. He was a canonist who had studied law under Gratian and had taught at Bologna. He came to Rome under Eugene III, was made a cardinal, and became a trusted adviser of Adrian IV. Alexander's electio...
Read more
|
|
Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-45, conflict between Japanese and Chinese forces for control of the Chinese mainland. The war sapped the Nationalist government's strength while allowing the Communists to gain control over large areas through organization of guerrilla units. Thus, it was an important ...
Read more
|
