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Mary Astell
Mary Astell , 1666-1731, English author and feminist. Her Serious Proposal to the Ladies (2 parts, 1694-97) offered a scheme for a women's college, an idea far in advance of the time. The project was not realized, and her ideas were ridiculed in the Tatler, possibly by Swift and Addison.
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Hendrik Petrus Berlage
Hendrik Petrus Berlage , 1856-1934, Dutch architect. In both his writings and architectural practice, Berlage advocated a return to simplicity of form and clarity of structure. In his Amsterdam Stock Exchange (1898-1903) and the Diamond Workers' Union Bldg. (Amsterdam, 1899-1900), he introduced a fl...
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Josiah Warren
Josiah Warren 1798-1874, American reformer and anarchist, b. Boston. An early follower of Robert Owen , he soon rejected Owen's political socialism, advocating instead anarchy based on "the sovereignty of the individual." He founded several "equity" stores, based on the idea of exchanging ...
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Adolphe Appia
Adolphe Appia , 1862-1928, Swiss theorist of modern stage lighting and décor. In interpreting Wagner's ideas in scenic designs for his operas, Appia rejected painted scenery for the three-dimensional set; he felt that shade was as necessary as light to link the actor to this setting in time a...
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Sol LeWitt
Sol LeWitt , 1928-2007, American artist, b. Hartford, Conn. LeWitt, who came into prominence in the 1960s, termed his work conceptual art , emphasizing that the idea or concept that animates each work is its most important aspect. He is probably the artist most often linked with the conceptual art ...
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William Page
William Page 1811-85, American historical and portrait painter, b. Albany, N.Y., studied with S. F. B. Morse and at the National Academy of Design. Among his best-known works are Farragut's Triumphal Entry into Mobile Bay (presented to Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, 1871) and Ruth and Naomi (N.Y....
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antithesis
antithesis , a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression serves to emphasize opposition of ideas. The familiar phrase "Man proposes, God disposes" is an example of antithesis, as is...
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Arthur Oncken Lovejoy
Arthur Oncken Lovejoy 1873-1962, American philosopher and intellectual historian, b. Germany, grad. Univ. of California, 1895, M.A. Harvard, 1897. He also studied at the Sorbonne before he began teaching (1899-1910) at Stanford, Washington Univ., Columbia, and Univ. of Missouri. From 1910 to 1938 h...
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personification
personification figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstract ideas are endowed with human qualities, e.g., allegorical morality plays where characters include Good Deeds, Beauty, and Death. John Ruskin termed sentimentalized, exaggerated personification the "pathetic fallacy." See al...
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John Locke
John Locke , 1632-1704, English philosopher, founder of British empiricism. Locke summed up the Enlightenment in his belief in the middle class and its right to freedom of conscience and right to property, in his faith in science, and in his confidence in the goodness of humanity. His influence up...
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