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Ordericus Vitalis
Ordericus Vitalis , 1075-c.1143, Norman monk and chronicler, b. England. He spent most of his life in Saint-Évroul in Normandy. His Ecclesiastical History (4 vol., tr. 1853-56; repr. 1968), a universal history to 1143, is valuable for a study of the Normans in England, France, and Italy and...
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Johan Bojer
Johan Bojer , 1872-1959, Norwegian writer. Bojer's novels of contemporary Norwegian life treat social issues from a classical liberal viewpoint. The Power of a Lie (1903, tr. 1908) and The Great Hunger (1916, tr. 1918) illustrate his humanistic philosophy. The greater depth of The Last of the V...
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Institute for Advanced Study
Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J.; chartered 1930, opened 1933. It differs from a university in that it offers no curriculum or examinations, and confers no degrees. Founded with a gift from Louis Bamberger and Mrs. Felix Fuld as a center for graduate study, it subsequently became a r...
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time and motion study
time and motion study analysis of the operations required to produce a manufactured article in a factory, with the aim of increasing efficiency. Each operation is studied minutely and analyzed in order to eliminate unnecessary motions and thus reduce production time and raise output, which increase...
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William Stubbs
William Stubbs 1825-1901, English historian, educated at Oxford. Ordained in 1850, he was a professor of modern history at Oxford until in 1884 he was made bishop of Chester. Stubbs's critical studies of source materials transformed the study of medieval history. His Constitutional History of Engl...
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John Addington Symonds
John Addington Symonds , 1840-93, English author. Educated at Harrow and Oxford, constant ill health exiled him for the greater part of his life to Italy and Switzerland. His many writings include travel books, Sketches in Italy and Greece (1874) and Italian Byways (1883); literary essays, Intr...
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Charles Eliot Norton
Charles Eliot Norton 1827-1908, American scholar and teacher, b. Cambridge, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1846. As professor of the history of art at Harvard (1875-98) and as a man of letters he had a stimulating influence on his time. He edited (1864-68), with James Russell Lowell , the North American R...
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Joseph Justus Scaliger
Joseph Justus Scaliger , 1540-1609, French classical scholar. He was the son of Julius Caesar Scaliger, from whom he acquired his early mastery of Latin. He adopted Protestantism in 1562, served as companion of a Poitevin noble (1563-70), studied under Cujas at Valence (1570-72), and was professor o...
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Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle
Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle , 1820-97, Italian art critic and writer. Cavalcaselle studied painting at the Academy of Venice and traveled extensively through Italy studying its art treasures. He participated in the Revolution of 1848 and escaped to England, where he remained for several years. Wh...
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Egon Wellesz
Egon Wellesz , 1885-1974, Austrian composer and musicologist. Wellesz studied with Schoenberg at the same time as Berg and Webern. His early compositions show the influence of Mahler, but the clarity and articulation that characterize his later works are already evident. He is the author of studies ...
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